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Lesson 48 – Metaphor A number of words in English are used metaphorically – with a meaning that is not exactly the same as
their literal meaning. Usually they apply a quality of one word to another word. For example, when we
say that something is lightning fast, we are using the quality of lightning (which is almost instantaneous)
to describe something that is extremely fast.
Another example is the root of the problem – the literal meaning of the word “root” is the part of a
plant or tree that is under the soil. The roots are what support and sustain the entire tree. Therefore,
“the root of the problem” is the deepest, most basic or fundamental reason for the problem.
Many metaphors are related to elements in the natural world, such as light and dark, water, fire, and
plants – in this lesson, you’ll learn 5 collocations in each category.
LIGHT AND DARK If someone’s face or eyes light up, it means that they suddenly get very happy or excited. You
can also say someone’s eyes are shining with delight. The expression lighten the mood means to make a depressing atmosphere/situation more
relaxed and happy.
On the other hand, if someone’s face/eyes/expression darkens, it means that they suddenly
appear sad or angry.
Dark days or dark times refer to periods of time that are bad or unpleasant, full of problems
WATER You can say that ideas are flowing or conversation is flowing to describe when it is proceeding
easily and naturally. Water metaphors are often used to describe the movement of groups of people – you can say
that people poured/streamed into the stadium (to describe continuous movement of large
groups of people) or that people trickled into the church (when only a few people come,
occasionally). The expressions waves of disappointment or waves of sadness refer to strong feelings.
