Introduction to Words and Morphemes Dr. Leany Nani Harsa, M. Si
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- Bu səhifədəki naviqasiya:
- Morpho-syntetic process
- Activity 3
- Function Word Content Word
- Activity 4
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Activity 1 1. SEE
6. WOMAN 7. SLEEP 8. JUMP 10. CATCH 13. BOY 14. TALL
No. Italized words in the sentences Lexemes Morpho-syntetic process 1. He kept the fast for week. FAST To form noun 2. Mohammedans fast in the month of Ramadan. FAST No process (verb) 3. He is the right man in the right place.
BE 3rd person singular 4. God defends the right! RIGHT
To form noun 5. Don’t boast too much. MUCH No process (adverb) 6. It is hard to understand. HARD
No process
BING4316/MODUL 1 1.19
Italized words in the sentences Lexemes Morpho-syntetic process 7. Men who work hard enjoy life fully. HARD
To form adverb 8. He spoke in a loud voice. SPEAK To form past tense 9. Do not speak so loud SPEAK
No process 10. He is as deaf as a post DEAF No process 11. He has got the same result as before.
GET To form past participle 12. As he was ambitious, I slew him. BE
To form 3rd singular and past tense 13. Men fear death as children to go in the dark.
man’s self. FLATTER
To form noun 15. He did his best. DO To form past tense 16. I like this best. GOOD
To form superlative of adverb 17. What was that noise? THAT
To form adjective 18. He died that he might save his country. MAY
To form past tense 19. What is the man that does not love his country? HE
To form possessive pronoun
20. Give him what you can. HE
To form objective pronoun
21. What nonsense is this! THIS
No process 22. What does it profit? DO To form 3rd person singular
The
of Phantom
Opera 1.20 English Morpho - Syntax
Function Word Content Word the
a which
in into
an us
in from
the first
to the
novel Gaston Leroux published 1900
draws us
extraordinary adventure keeps suspense last time
Activity 4
Content Word The
and said
I might
have even a might
have it
is most
to be by
an sixty-four year- old
widow laughed
been sensible woman been
most flattering attended attractive young man
BING4316/MODUL 1 1.21
I
by itself, for
with my
I no
on but
by In
it only
will be
and this
will still
be and
this and the of the who
on those
to fire at the
decided
to let
this comment stand record
was certainly one to
comment marriage, Mrs. Evans followed up observing, ten years think of five
hundred weeks
probably dead
cathedral still
here plaza
ghosts Spanish soldiers stood
ramparts to fire Indians
1.22 English Morpho - Syntax
The units opened with a discussion of the nature of the word. We distinguished between lexemes, word-forms and grammatical words. Lexemes are abstract dictionary words like the verb SING. A lexeme is realized by one or more word-forms. Word-forms are concrete words that occur in speech and writing e.g. sing, sings, sang and sung. We also saw that the word can be viewed as a lexeme associated with a set of morpho- syntactic properties, e.g. sing {verb, present, 3rd person, singular}. In this case we are looking at a grammatical word. We shall use the term grammatical word to refer to ‘words’ can also be seen as a representation of a lexeme which is associated with certain morpho-syntactic properties (i.e. partly morphological and partly syntactic properties) such as noun, adjective, verb, tense, gender, number, etc. We see above that the word “wanted” comes from the word “want” or lexeme “WANT”. Pay attention to the sentence below
“Ellis wanted to study for her exams last night”. The nature of grammatical word is important in the discussion of the relationship between words and sentences and the boundary between morphology and syntax. These grammatical words are also known as Content Words. The other classes of words that do not have clear lexical meaning or obvious concepts associated with them, including conjunctions such as and, or and but; prepositions such as in and of; the articles the,
of words are called function words because they have a grammatical function. So a useful way of looking at the words of languages like English is to divide them into function words (like the) and content words (like apple). It means that besides content words we also have function words. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs are the content words or open class words. These words denote concepts such as objects, actions, attributes, and ideas that we can think about. Content words are classified into Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives and Adverbs. There are tens of thousands of them in a language and so they make up most of the words in a dictionary. Proper nouns (names of people and places) are not usually a problem for understanding, but are also Content Words.
S U M M A R Y
BING4316/MODUL 1 1.23
Below are 20 words which are a representation of a lexeme. Those words are associated with certain morpho-syntactic properties such as noun, adjective, verb, tense, gender, number, etc. Fill in the column below to show the lexeme and grammatical words to refer to the italic words in the sentences provided. No 1 and 2 are given as an example.
1. A nod from a lord is breakfast for a fool. NOD
To form noun 2. A good paymaster never wants workmen. WANTS
3rd person singular, present tense 3. Home they brought her warrior dead.
4. Sickness made the child irritable.
pride of the village.
6. It is easy to find fault.
7. It is a miserable thing to live in suspense.
hard to heal.
9. Down went the Royal George.
10. Into the valley of death rode the six hundred.
11. Time makes the worst enemies friends.
Heaven.
F O R M A T I V E T E S T 2
1.24 English Morpho - Syntax
Problem 2 Read the text below, break down into words then decide which ones are content words and which are function ones.
Wood-burning stoves are helping many Americans beat the huge inflation of oil prices. Wood is still readily available in some parts of the United States. Many states set off their state forests where residents can cut designated trees at no charge. The technology of wood stoves has improved so that they are very safe.
Compare your answers to those in the answer keys. Then, count the right answers. In order to get the score, do your calculation using the formulation below. The score will reflect your comprehending the material explained in this unit.
Grading: 90 - 100% = excellent 80 - 89% = good 70 - 79% = fair < 70% = weak Comprehension rates = the total number of right answer 100% the totalnumber of problem ×
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