Participants of this study were instructors in a large-sized (5,000
–
9,999 students), two-year,
public institution in a community college system in a southeastern state. The institution offers
Associates degrees for exclusively undergraduate two-year programs. Programs of study
are offered in four divisions: Business/Computer Information Systems (CIS), Technology
and Workforce Development; Health; Humanities and Social Sciences; and Mathematics
and Natural Sciences. Permission for the study was obtained from the investigator
’
s
institutional review board, and consent was received from the institution of study.
Instructor sample demographics
The LoU survey was sent to 57 instructors who taught with an e-textbook during the 2014
–
2015 pilot period. While a 100% response rate is ideal, factors such as lack of availability and
interest may result in a lower response rate.
Fink (2009)
states that a response rate of 70%
may be considered adequate. Given that participation in this study was voluntary with no
direct benefit to participants, a lower response rate was expected. Thirty-one instructors
completed the survey, yielding an actual response rate of 54%. Of those 31 instructors, 14
E-textbook
technology
were male (45.2%) and 17 were female (54. 8%). The majority of instructors had a master
’
s
degree as their highest level of education (
n
5
20, 64.5%). Instructors were primarily aged
40
–
49 (
n
5
12) or over 60 (
n
5
9). Most instructors were experienced college professors,
teaching on average 13 years (SD
5
8.5, range 1
–
33). Instructors reported an average of 3.6
professional development experiences (SD
5
4.0, range 0
–
15) involving e-textbooks. The
average number of semesters taught with e-textbooks ranged from 0 to 10 with an average of
2.9 (SD
5
2.2).
provides descriptive statistics of the instructors.
Data collection
There were two forms of data collection for this study. To address the first three research
questions, a survey was administered to instructors to identify the LoU index for various
e-textbook features and innovations. This information provides insight into the extent of the
adoption of e-textbook innovations by college instructors.
Furthermore, historical data were extracted from the college
’
s Student Information
System (Banner
®
) to answer the last two research questions. Final grades were reported as
letter grades (e.g. A
excellent, B
good, C
average, D
poor, F
failure, I
incomplete
Level of use
Description
0 (non-use)
User has little or no knowledge of the innovation, no involvement with the innovation and
is doing nothing toward becoming involved
Decision Point A: Takes action to learn more detailed information about the innovation
I (orientation)
User has acquired or is acquiring information about the innovation and/or has explored
or is exploring its value orientation and its demands upon user and user system
Decision Point B: Makes a decision to use the innovation by establishing a time to begin
II (preparation)
User is preparing for first use of the innovation
Decision Point C: Begins first use of the innovation
III (Mechanical
use)
User focuses most effort on the short-term, day-to-day use of the innovation with little
time for reflection. Changes in use are made more to meet user needs than client needs.
The user is primarily engaged in a stepwise attempt to master the tasks required to use
the innovation, often resulting in disjointed and superficial use
Decision Point D-1: A routine pattern of use is established
IV (A routine)
Use of the innovation is stabilized. Few if any changes are being made in ongoing use.
Little preparation or thought is being given to improving innovation use or its
consequences
Decision Point D-2: Changes use of the innovation based on formal or informal evaluation to increase client
outcomes
IVB (Refinement)
User varies the use of the innovation to increase the impact on clients within immediate
sphere of influence. Variations are based on knowledge of both short-term and long-term
consequences for clients
Decision Point E: Initiates changes in the use of innovation based on the input of and in coordination with what
colleagues are doing
V (integration)
User is combining own efforts to use the innovation with related activities of colleagues to
achieve a collective impact on clients within their common sphere of influence
Decision Point F: Begins exploring alternatives to or major modifications of the innovation presently in use
VI (Renewal)
User reevaluates the quality of use of the innovation, seeks major modifications or
alternatives to present innovation to achieve increased impact on clients, examines new
developments in the field and explores new goals for self and the system
Source(s):
Table 1.
LoU chart
JRIT
or W
withdrawal). Students who did not complete the course and thus earned grades of
“
I
”
or
“
W
”
were excluded from the analyses. To numerically analyze the data, a letter grade of
“
A
”
was assigned a value of 4, a
“
B
”
was assigned a value of 3, a
“
C
”
was assigned a value of 2,
a
“
D
”
was assigned a value of 1 and an
“
F
”
was assigned a value of 0.
Instrumentation
Instructors were asked to self-report demographic data such as gender, age range, highest
degree earned, number of years of college-level teaching, number of professional
development experiences with e-textbooks and number of semesters taught with an
e-textbook. A modified version of
Hall
et al.
’
s (1975)
LoU interview protocol, adapted by
Orr
and Mrazek (2010)
, was used for instructors to self-assess their LoU with eight features of
e-textbooks. The eight e-textbook features evaluated included the following:
highlighting text and sharing,
making notes and sharing,
exporting text or notes,
tracking and analysis of e-textbook use,
interactive practice questions or games,
web links,
videos/animations, and
just-in-time (JIT) learning or performance support.
Assigned numerical
value for analysis
Level of use
state
Classification
Stem descriptor
1
0 (non-use)
Non-use
My e-textbook does not offer this feature
1
0 (non-use)
Non-use
I really do not know anything about this feature
1
0 (non-use)
Non-use
I am not sure that this feature would be useful for
my class
2
I (orientation)
Low-level use
I have some information about this feature, and I
am considering whether it might be useful for my
class
3
II (preparation)
Low-level use
I now know enough about this feature that I am
preparing to use it for my class
4
III (Mechanical
use)
Mid-level use
I am using this feature now and am primarily
focused on learning the skills necessary to use it
properly and effectively for my class
5
IVA (routine)
Mid-level use
I use this feature routinely without much
conscious thought, and my use of this technology
is fairly routine for my class
6
IVB
(Refinement)
High-level
use
I use this feature regularly, and I am implementing
ways of varying its use to improve the outcomes
derived for my class
7
V (integration)
High-level
use
I am collaborating with colleagues to develop
ways in which we can use this feature to better
meet our common objectives for our classes
8
VI (Renewal)
High-level
use
I still use this feature but I am exploring other
technologies to replace it that will better meet the
objectives for my class
Table 2.
LoU descriptions
E-textbook
technology
The LoU descriptors used in this study are shown in
Table 3
. For each of the eight e-textbook
features of study, instructors were given this same set of LoU descriptors from which to
choose a response. Each of the stem descriptors for the LoU survey was assigned a
numerical value as also shown in
Table 3
. The numerical values were not visible to survey
participants to avoid a presumed hierarchical progression of responses. An overall LoU
value was calculated for each e-textbook feature by averaging the numerical value of each
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