Lecture 1 Introduction

Strong Verbs (irregular)
Weak Verbs (regular)
called so because they have preserved the richness of forms since the time of Proto-Germanic	called so because they have lost their old Proto-Germanic forms and acquired new ones
form-building		vowel interchange + gram. ending	suffix –d/t (a Germanic invention!!!)
E.g.	OE	reisan – rais – risum – risans	macian – macode - macod
			cepan – cepte - cept
	ModE	rise – rose - risen	make – made – made
			keep – kept – kept

H/w: 1. Ex. 7-8, on p. 49 in “История английского языка” by Т.А. Расторгуева (copies).


Lecture 5
Old English Period in the History of the English Language


Historical Background and Linguistic Situation


1. When the first people arrived to Britain 50000 B.C. it was still part of the continent. Later, 5000 B.C., at the end of the Ice Age, Britain became an island separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel.


2. The first distinctive inhabitants of the British Isles were the Iberians who came from the territory of present-day Spain around 3000 B.C. They were known for their stone work and battle axes made of stone.


3. The Beaker Falk who came from Eastern Europe around 2000 B.C. were known for their pottery.


4. The Picts came around 1000 B.C. They were considered to be a mixture of the Celts and the Iberians and were called so because they were covered all over with paintings and tattoos. Their language is still a mystery for the scholars – it can be easily read but the scholars cannot decode it (cannot understand what is written).


5. The next to come were the Celts. They arrived in 700 B.C. from the territory of Central and Northern Europe. There were 2 main Celtic tribes that settled in the British Isles:

Tribe	Scots	Britons
Place of Settlement	first they settled in Ireland and then moved to Scotland and intermixed with the Picts	settled in the south-east of England
Celtic Languages	The Gaelic Branch	The Britonnic Branch
	1. Irish/Erse (Ireland)	1. Breton (Brittany, modern France)
	2. Scotch Gaelic (the Scottish Highlands)	2. Welsh (Wales)
	3. Manx (dead; the Isle of Man)	3. Cornish (dead; Cornwall)

The Celts also had their own ancient alphabet called Ogham (additional information).

6. The Romans:


55 B.C. – Julius Caesar attacked Britain. Reasons:

• 
  economic (tin ore, corn, slaves);
  
• 
  political (the Romans fought with the Celts of Gaul on the continent who found shelter in Britain and were supported by the Celts of Britain).
  

Soon after his arrival, Julius Caesar left Britain with many slaves and riches.


43 A.D. – Emperor Claudius conquered Britain and it became a province of the Roman Empire. Contributions:

• 
  paved roads;
  
• 
  cities (trading centres);
  
• 
  walls (protection from the Celts – e.g. Hadrian’s Wall between England and Scotland);
  
• 
  Latin language (literacy).
  

410 A.D. – the Roman Empire began to collapse and the Roman troops were withdrawn from Britain and sent home to help and preserve the Empire.


7. After the 5^th c. the 3 waves of the Germanic tribes arrived to Britain: