Lecture syntactical expressive means and stylistic devices based on syntactical peculiarities Types of syntactical stylistic devices

Repetition
Repetition is SD which gives the repletion of the same word or phrase with the view of expressiveness. Very often repetition in the oral type of speech shows the excitement of a speaker. When a person under the stress of strong emotion, he can’t but repeats some words or phrases.
“Stop” – she cried, “Don’t tell me. I don’t want to hear. I don’t want to hear what you’ve come for. I don’t want to hear”.
It this case repetition is not a SD it is an expressive means of the language, showing the excitement of the speaker.When used a SD, repetition is a deliberate, intentional use of the same words. It has quite different stylistic functions. It does not aim at making a direct emotional impact. On the contrary, the SD of repetition aims at logical emphasis; it calls the attention of the reader to the key words of the utterance.
Srooge went to bed again, and thought and thought ait over and over.
From the point of view of compositional design there are many types of repetition:
1. Anaphora – the repetition of the same word at the beginning of utterance:
My heart is in the Highland, my heart is not here.
My heart is in the Highlands a-chasing the dear
Chasing the wild deer and following the roe
My heart is in the Highlands, wherever I go.


Work – work – work!
Till the brain begins to swim!
Work – work – work!
Till the eyes are heavy and dim.
2. Epiphora – the repetition of the same words at the end of the utterance:
“I’m axactly the man to be placed in a superior position in such a case as that. I’m above the rest of mankind, in such a cases that, I can act with philosophy in such a case as that.”/Dickens/
3. Anadiplosis - /linking repetition, reduplication/
The same words are used at the end one sentence and at the beginning of the following:
1.Then hate me when thou wilt, if ever, now
Now while the world is bent my deeds to cross/Shakespeare, Sonnet 90/
2.The old church was quite. So quite that Lannycould hear the ticking of his wrist watch./P.Abrahams/
Sometimes this linking repetition is used several times in the utterance. Then it is called chain repetition.
A smile would come into Mr. Pichwick’s face, the smile extended into a laugh into a roar, and the roar became general./Dickens/
4. Framing – is the repetition of the same words at the beginning and at the end of the same utterance:
He ran away from the battle. He was an ordinary human being that did want to kill or be killed, so he ran from the battle./St. Heym/
The day is cold and dark and dreary
It rains and the wind is never weary
The vines still cling to the moulderinhg wall
But at every gust the dead leaves fall
And the day is cold and dark and dreary/Longfellow “The Rainy Day”/
Coming down! After all. Then he was not deserted. Coming down! A glow ran through his limbs: his cheeks and forehead felt hot. He drank his soup, and pushed the tray-table away, lying very quite until they had removed lunch and felt him alone, but every now and then eyes twinkled. Coming down!/Galsworthy/
5. Pure repetition of the words met at any place:
For want of a nail, the shoe was lost,
For want of the shoe, the horse was lost,
For want of horse, the rider was lost,
For want of the rider, the battle was lost,
For want of the battle, the kingdom was lost
And all from the want of a horsesshoe nail.
Another variety of repetition is a synonymous repetition. This is the repetition of the same idea by using synonymous words and phrases.
Lord and master, clean and neat, act and deed.
The poetry of earth is never dead
The poetry of earth is ceasing never/Keat/
Another variety of repetition is tautology, which is the repetition of the same word in different grammatical forms: