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De Serrano and Burkhart
J Nanobiotechnol (2017) 15:83
pay close attention to interspecies differences in PAMP
recognition by PRRs, since we can obtain unwanted
immune responses once
we study them at the human
level. Unwanted immunomodulatory responses can com-
promise the patient’s outcome from the disease.
In the vaccine development field, we can identify the
importance of collaboration between medicinal chem-
istry, immunology and formulation science. This arti-
cle will present and discuss
several parameters that
play prominent roles in liposomal vaccine develop-
ment. Liposome size, charge and bilayer composition
are some of those parameters to be discussed. Evidence
will be presented to the
reader for understanding of
the mechanisms or effects of such liposome physico-
chemical characteristics, which impact vaccine devel-
opment, safety, integrity and efficacy. Furthermore,
we present different applications
of liposomal vaccine
studies that have been published for the treatment of
certain infections of distinct etiological origins (viral,
bacterial, fungal and parasitic). Finally, the article pre-
sents a special section on the development of subu-
nit cationic liposomal vaccines for the prophylactic
treatment
of tuberculosis infections, one of the most
sought-after indications in contemporary vaccinol-
ogy. The section for tuberculosis vaccine development
is focused on DDA-based liposomes;
and additional
information is available that presents other lipids or
phospholipids [
20
,
21
]. The manuscript objective is to
present liposomal formulations that are not currently
commercially available and inform the scientific com-
munity about liposomal formulation
for early vaccine
development. To date, there are only two commercially
approved liposomal vaccines Epaxal and Inflexal, both
by Crucell/Berna Biotech. We recommend the reader
to further their knowledge in commercially available
liposome-based vaccines with another review [
22
],
which discusses the topic extensively.
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