Specific and Underlying Issues - Trends and Reality. For many emerging
industrialized nations like Malaysia, it is disturbing to note that food scarcity and
food security are synonymous with 21st century agriculture. This notion is
fortified by Malaysia’s monumental import food bills in excess of RM15 billion
annually, and is synonymous with the lingering concern for FSFS to feed the
growing populace. The need for intensification of agriculture due to increasingly
limited arable land is growing with parallel population growth. With intensification
come the continuing pressure on, and the deterioration of natural resource-base.
Some of the current issues facing Malaysian agriculture in general and pest
management practices in particular include increased (i) problems environmental
pollutions due to wide spread use of agrichemicals; (ii) incidences of the
herbicide-resistant and noxious millennial weeds; (iii) water shortage; (iv)
technology divide between the plantation-based sector and the small farmers.
Together these disturbing trends will have lasting impact on the socio-economic
well-being of the farming community and consumers alike.
As a trading nation, Malaysia imports no less than RM15 billion worth of
food annually and this of course impacts negatively on the balance of trade.
Insufficient and inconsistent production of the food items is construed as a
primary reason for this high import food bills. Another teething issue facing
Malaysian agriculture especially on food items meant for the export markets such
aquaculture and animal products, vegetable and fruits, is the need to meet
quality standard for international markets. At the local fronts, the increasingly
burgeoning population with the parallel increase in per capita income and
awareness of a balance diet and health consciousness of people changing taste
and food preferences would mean the need for adequate supply of safe,
nutritious and high quality food at affordable prices, and this high demand may
lead to high food prices. Moreover, with the intensification in agriculture comes
the need for affordable labour. Malaysia faces acute labour shortage leading to
employment of and to certain extent dependent on foreign workers, another
indirect way of loss of foreign exchange. The low labour productivity of only 60%
compared to the manufacturing sector is another disadvantage of the agricultural
sector. This is very real among smallholders’ sector which experienced low
labour productivity and uneconomic farm sizes. Because of this lack of domestic
production plus inconsistent supply caused small and medium scale agro-based
firms operating below capacity, there is a need to strengthen inter- and intra-
sectorial linkages with the support of downstream industries. If this scenario of
the economic scale and low labour productivity of small- and medium-size farms
can be improved, augmented by the strengthened inter- and intra-sector linkages
with the support of downstream industries, the present exports consisting mainly
of primary and intermediate products and high import of raw materials for food
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processing industries, and limited development of high value-added resource-
based products can be turned into highly profitable agriculture inline with the as
echoed by Baki (2006a) that “Agriculture is business, and it is profitable”. As with
any business marketing promotion of Malaysian products both for domestic and
foreign markets is a continuous process.
Diminishing suitable agricultural lands is inevitable. This is even so
pressing with increasing population growth competition for land is a common
phenomenon worldwide including Malaysia. While we have the common scene of
agricultural lands being converted to industrial, residential and urban uses, there
is this perennial problem of idle agricultural land and abandon holdings in the
country. Land in Malaysia is under the jurisdiction of the state. Under the present
political climate and essentially bipartition politics or real politic, there is always
this political innuendos when comes to land issues between the federal
government at one end, and the sate governments on another. For those
intending to acquire land for agricultural venture at commercial scale, the slow
process in acquiring land is antithesis to this effort, not forgetting the financial
constraints of such acquisition may pose. The environmental concerns and the
need for more efficient agricultural and forestry practices for sustainable
development of the sector are no less important.
At the global scale, the very existence of WTO and AFTA, for which
Malaysia is a signatory to both free trade frameworks among trading nations of
today, greater competition for increasingly competitive markets are the rules of
the game that Malaysian farmers are subjected to. Disguised as preferential tariff
schemes coupled with the discriminatory tariff and non-tariff barriers among
trading blocs worldwide, Malaysian farmers are at a disadvantage unless the
government pump in funds to help small- and medium-scale farmers to compete
to market their produce at competitive prices.
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