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Comparison of ceramic and polymer building materials
When the wolf huffed and puffed, the straw and stick houses fell down. Brick had the
best performance.
However in an earthquake, the brick house would be the worst place to be!
The vibrations can rattle the bricks apart. California’s building codes favor wood or steel-
reinforced concrete.
What should a good house material do? Protect the things inside from weather - wind,
cold, heat, rain, snow, hail - and from fire. A medieval castle was designed to withstand
cannonballs but since that is not usually a concern in modern construction, most people would
decide that its superior performance is not worth the extra cost.
PROPERTIES
To choose a material with the best performance for a particular application, we will need
to consider the
properties of the available materials. Properties are the observed characteristics
of a sample.
Physical properties
Some physical properties describe how an object responds to mechanical forces.
Hardness is one example of a mechanical property. If you drag a steel knife blade across a hard
object, such as a plate, the hard surface is unchanged; if you drag the blade across a soft object,
such as a piece of chalk, the soft surface will be scratched. An object is
tough if force is unable
to break or tear it. The response to force depends on the material's structure, and also on its shape
and size. A piece of notebook paper can be torn easily, but a telephone book requires much
greater force.
We can easily bend a
flexible object such as a nylon jacket, but more force is required to
bend a
stiff object like a polyethylene milk jug. If an object returns to its original shape and size
when the force is removed, we call it
elastic.
If the deformation remains, it is
plastic. An object
that breaks rather than bending is
brittle.
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An object is
strong if an applied force is unable to deform or break it. A nylon
windbreaker is strong, since pulling on it does not change its length.
Sometimes the manner of
applying a force makes a difference to the strength of an object. Ceramics can bear a lot of
weight, but will break if stretched or bent. Nylon survives compression, pulling and twisting.
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