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1.4 HOW DOES ATOMIC STRUCTURE RELATE TO CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES?
THE COMPONENTS OF AN ATOM
It has been mentioned that elements are the purest forms of chemicals.
Chemical
reactions cannot make them simpler. Each atom in a sample of an element has the same
chemical properties.
In 1897 it was discovered that atoms can be separated into negatively charged and
positively charged parts.
Electrons are the pieces with negative charge. Chemists usually say
that one electron has a charge of -1. Electrons can be rearranged by chemical reactions.
If all the electrons are removed from an atom, what remains is the
nucleus. It is
positively charged and contains most of mass of an atom. The positive charge of the nucleus
attracts the negative charge of the electrons.
Further experiments showed that a nucleus is composed of two types of particles. Each
proton in the nucleus has a charge of +1. A
neutron has no charge.
Both types of particle have
much larger masses than electrons. Neutrons and protons are held together so tightly that an
atomic nucleus will not change during a chemical reaction.
nucleus
surrounded
by
cloud of electrons
Carbon always
has six protons in its nucleus,
but it can have six, seven or eight neutrons.
proton
neutron
Since an atom has no overall charge, its number of protons is equal to its number of
electrons. A carbon atom always has six protons and six electrons.
Atoms are so small that 6.02x10
23
carbon atoms are needed to make a 12 gram sample!
The mass of an atom may be reported in atomic mass units (amu). 1 amu = 1.66x10
-24
g.
ATOMIC NUMBER AND THE PERIODIC TABLE
The identity of an atom is determined by its number of protons.
The atomic number
found on the Periodic Table is the number of protons. Any atom with one proton is a hydrogen
atom (with atomic number 1). Scientists have found atoms with as many as 116 protons in their
nuclei, but the largest nuclei are unstable and not used for materials.
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The order of elements on the table is the number of protons. Elements are similar to their
left- and right-hand neighbors in mass and size. Elements farther down the periodic table show
an increase in mass and size.
Notice that the rows labelled 1 through 7 (called “periods”) are not all the same length.
The pattern provides information about the chemical properties of elements.
Elements in the
same column (called a “group”) undergo similar reactions. For example, group I contains the
elements Li, Na, K which all react violently with water.
The tallest groups, labelled with Roman numerals, contain the
main group elements.
The central section of the table, starting with element #21, contains
transition elements. The
two rows at the bottom of the table contain
inner transition elements.
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