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1.1 Aim and research question 
 
Through observations and from conversations with teachers it seems that the interactive 
whiteboard is most frequently used to write on or to show information to the pupils. Even 
though teachers know that there are many functions available on the board and it could supply 
them with many options for a varied and interesting lesson, they do not utilise the 
functionalities and possibilities.
Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate English language teachers’ integration of the 
IWB in ELT. The research questions for this essay will be: 
• What purpose does the Interactive whiteboard have in the EFL classroom?
• Which factors determine English language teachers’ usage of the interactive whiteboard 
in ELT? 

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2. Theoretical Background 
In this section there are five sub-headings. Initially, in 2.1 the use of Information and 
Communication Technology (henceforth ICT) in English Language Teaching (henceforth 
ELT) will be discussed. In 2.2 there will be an introduction to Computer Assisted Language 
Learning (henceforth CALL) and 2.3 will give a definition of the Interactive Whiteboard 
(henceforth IWB). Furthermore, 2.4 will focus on the IWB in education in general, and 2.5 
will analyse the use of IWB in ELT. 
2.1 Information and Communication Technology in English Language Teaching 
The development of technology in society has had a direct impact on ELT in school. The 
increasing availability of the Internet and the development of the Web have created great 
opportunities for many teachers, including English language specialists. The growth of 
technology and global access to Internet have made it possible for teachers to teach ICT-based 
lessons (Dudeney, Hockly, 2012), which has been highly prioritized in education in most 
European countries during the last decade (Balanskat, Blamire, and Kefala, 2006).
The literature is most often positive about the use of ICT, but findings are mainly insufficient 
or incomplete regarding the effect it has on pupils’ attainments (Condie et al, 2007). 
However, studies show that ICT has had a positive effect on pupils’ enjoyment and 
motivation to learn and it has increased pupils’ independence and motivation with regards to 
working autonomously. Additionally, the use of ICT in the education has improved pupils’ 
behaviours as well as their self-esteem (Becta, 2003). Furthermore, according to 
United 
Kingdom’s National Centre for Languages, 
literature indicates that ICT creates many 
advantages in the modern foreign language classroom. The access to a vast range of resources 
and various possibilities such as writing activities encourage pupils to develop new language 
skills (CILT, 2005). As a result of technological advances, ELT has gone through a great 
change the past 25 years and moved towards a wider range of exercises more in tune with the 
needs of the learner. ELT has moved from limited gap-filling and word processing exercises 
towards an infinite range of learning exercises (Dudeney and Hockly, op cit). Furthermore, 
Facer and Owen (2005) also claim that ICT creates real-life situations, which encourage the 
pupils to learn. Opportunities to converse with native speakers in other countries and 

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practising language in context, helps to motivate pupils and facilitate their acquisition and 
development of all the four language skills – reading, writing, speaking and listening.
Taylor 
et al. (2005) also contend that ICT encourages pupils to produce longer, more structured and 
accurate texts in a foreign language. Moreover, regarding language teaching, Levy (2009) 
claims that pupils’ grammar, vocabulary and pronunciation skills are more likely to be 
improved through the use of technology (Levy, ibid). Reasons for this could, according to 
Nomass (2013), be the availability to electronic dictionaries, which have functions that are not 
provided in book dictionaries. Electronic dictionaries place the chosen word in a context by 
giving examples of sentences with the word in it. Electronic dictionaries also have the facility 
to replay the words to the pupils in order for him or her to learn the pronunciation. Also, 
modern computer-programs can generate voice signals and decode human sound. Practicing 
with these kind of programs can improve the pupils’ speaking capability and strengthen their 
vocabulary and pronunciation abilities as well (Nomass, ibid). Additionally, another study by 
Sime and Priestley (2005) indicates that ICT has made pupils more deeply engaged in 
learning activities over a longer period of times and took greater pride in their 
accomplishments (Sime, Priestley, ibid). Nevertheless, the evidence comes from small scale-
studies and the results are not necessarily generalizable to wider contexts (Condie, et al, ibid) 
In addition,
a study by the Office for Standards in Education (2005) suggests that ICT is 
beneficial for pupils with special and additional educational needs. ICT supports their 
learning in several ways. The use of ICT appeared to show an improvement in the observed 
pupils’ attitudes, concentration span and motivations and it also showed that ICT helped them 
to overcome learning barriers and increased their self-esteem. Likewise, ICT encourages 
pupils with special needs to engage in group-tasks and collaborate with pupils in mainstream 
education (Ofsted, 2005). Nevertheless, Cox et al. (2003) claim that the teacher is the major 
resource if the technology is to have any effect on the pupils’ learning. The teacher’s methods 
and pedagogical approaches when using ICT have an impact on learning outcomes. The 
ranges of technologies which teachers use, the frequency of the use and how well prepared the 
teachers are for the lessons are factors that are significant to the improvement of pupils’ 
attainments (Cox et al, ibid). When ICT is used effectively there is evidence of positive 
influence on attainment (Cox et al, ibid). Not only has ICT generated a more varied expansion 
of learning possibilities for the pupils, but it has also made it possible for teachers and 
learners to exchange knowledge and ideas with other teachers and learners around the world. 
The Internet has made it conceivable for all teachers to attend larger global development 

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courses and conversations, which many teachers were prevented from before, due to cost and 
time. Since the establishment and development of Internet, social groups, websites and 
forums have been created to help teachers and learners of English to network, teachers can 
take part in discussions, exchange knowledge and experiences and ask and answer each other 
questions. Today there is a continually growing collection of these groups covering all parts 
of teaching. Moreover, currently there are also groups conceived as communities of practice 
on the Internet that help teachers introduce and integrate technology into their teaching in a 
successful way (Dudeney and Hockly, 2012:536). Dudeney and Hockly (ibid:538) also bring 
up the technology shift from web 1.0 to Web 2.0 to be revolutionary for language teaching. 
The Web has been transformed from being “a static, expert-produced resource” to “a more 
creative, consumer-driven space” (Dudeney and Hockly, ibid: 538). This change not only 
allowed IT professionals to build the essential infrastructure of the Web, but has also allowed 
non-computer specialists like teachers, with no programming or graphic design skills to be 
creative and produce resources with other methods. This change has largely been brought 
about by the rise of personal blogs and collaborative wiki spaces, but also the rise of more 
creative exercises in the classroom such as podcasts, online multimedia posters, and the 
possibility to create animated cartoons. Alongside the establishment of Web 2.0, other 
manageable tools for people with limited technological skills, such as the IWB, were 
introduced in ELT (Dudeney and Hockly, ibid: 538).