Ministry of higher education, science and innovation fergana state university

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REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN 
MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION,
SCIENCE AND INNOVATION 
FERGANA STATE UNIVERSITY 
 
FACULTY OF: ____________________________________ 
THEME: “SEASONS” 
From the subject of the English language 
BY: S 22.27-GROUP OF STUDENT 
ABDULLAYEVA DILNOZAXON 
 
Accepted: ___________________ 
 
 
Ferghana-2023 

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PLAN: 
1. THE FOUR SEASONS: SPRING, SUMMER, AUTUMN (FALL) AND 
WINTER. 
2. METEOROLOGICAL WINTER, METEOROLOGICAL SPRING, 
METEOROLOGICAL SUMMER, AND METEOROLOGICAL FALL. 
3. SEASONS ARE NOT THE SAME EVERYWHERE. 
4. WHAT CAUSES THE SEASONS? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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1. THE FOUR SEASONS: SPRING, SUMMER, AUTUMN (FALL) AND 
WINTER. 
A season is a division of the year based on changes in weather, ecology, and 
the number of daylight hours in a given region. On Earth, seasons are the result of 
the axial parallelism of Earth's tilted orbit around the Sun. In temperate and polar 
regions, the seasons are marked by changes in the intensity of sunlight that reaches 
the Earth's surface, variations of which may cause animals to undergo hibernation 
or to migrate, and plants to be dormant. Various cultures define the number and 
nature of seasons based on regional variations, and as such there are a number of 
both modern and historical cultures whose number of seasons varies. 
The Northern Hemisphere experiences more direct sunlight during May, June, 
and July, as the hemisphere faces the Sun. The same is true of the Southern 
Hemisphere in November, December, and January. It is Earth's axial tilt that 
causes the Sun to be higher in the sky during the summer months, which increases 
the solar flux. However, due to seasonal lag, June, July, and August are the 
warmest months in the Northern Hemisphere while December, January, and 
February are the warmest months in the Southern Hemisphere. 
In temperate and sub-polar regions, four seasons based on the Gregorian 
calendar are generally recognized: spring, summer, autumn (or fall), and winter. 
Ecologists often use a six-season model for temperate climate regions which are 
not tied to any fixed calendar dates: prevernal, vernal, estival, serotinal, autumnal, 
and hibernal. Many tropical regions have two seasons: the rainy, wet, or monsoon 
season and the dry season. Some have a third cool, mild, or harmattan season. 
―Seasons‖ can also be dictated by the timing of important ecological events such as 
hurricane season, tornado season, and wildfire season. Some examples of historical 
importance are the ancient Egyptian seasons—flood, growth, and low water—
which were previously defined by the former annual flooding of the Nile in Egypt. 

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Seasons often hold special significance for agrarian societies, whose lives 
revolve around planting and harvest times, and the change of seasons is often 
attended by ritual. The definition of seasons is also cultural. In India, from ancient 
times to the present day, six seasons or Ritu based on south Asian religious or 
cultural calendars are recognised and identified for purposes such as agriculture 
and trade. 
Regardless of the time of year, the northern and southern hemispheres always 
experience opposite seasons. This is because during summer or winter, one part of 
the planet is more directly exposed to the rays of the Sun than the other, and this 
exposure alternates as the Earth revolves in its orbit. For approximately half of the 
year (from around March 20 to around September 22), the Northern Hemisphere 
tips toward the Sun, with the maximum amount occurring on about June 21. For 
the other half of the year, the same happens, but in the Southern Hemisphere 
instead of the Northern, with the maximum around December 21. The two instants 
when the Sun is directly overhead at the Equator are the equinoxes. Also at that 
moment, both the North Pole and the South Pole of the Earth are just on the 
terminator, and hence day and night are equally divided between the two 
hemispheres. Around the March equinox, the Northern Hemisphere will be 
experiencing spring as the hours of daylight increase, and the Southern 
Hemisphere is experiencing autumn as daylight hours shorten. 
The effect of axial tilt is observable as the change in day length and altitude of 
the Sun at solar noon (the Sun's culmination) during the year. The low angle of Sun 
during the winter months means that incoming rays of solar radiation are spread 
over a larger area of the Earth's surface, so the light received is more indirect and 
of lower intensity. Between this effect and the shorter daylight hours, the axial tilt 
of the Earth accounts for most of the seasonal variation in climate in both 
hemispheres. 
Elliptical Earth orbit 

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Four-season reckoning. 
Most calendar-based partitions use a four-season model to demarcate the 
warmest and coldest seasons, which are further separated by two intermediate 
seasons. Calendar-based reckoning defines the seasons in relative rather than 
absolute terms, so the coldest quarter-year is considered winter even if floral 
activity is regularly observed during it, despite the traditional association of 
flowers with spring and summer. The major exception is in the tropics where, as 
already noted, the winter season is not observed. 
The four seasons have been in use since at least Roman times, as in Rerum 
rusticarum of Varro Varro says that spring, summer, autumn, and winter start on 
the 23rd day of the sun's passage through Aquarius, Taurus, Leo, and Scorpio, 
respectively. Nine years before he wrote, Julius Caesar had reformed the calendar, 
so Varro was able to assign the dates of February 7, May 9, August 11, and 
November 10 to the start of spring, summer, autumn, and winter.