Moral values in law

Introduction……………………………………………………………1

ParagraphI……………………………………………………………..3

Conclusion……………………………………………………………...4

List of literature……………………………………………………….5

Human rights and Internet

Human rights are moral principles ornorms that describe certain standards of human behaviour and are regularly protected as natural and legal rights inmunicipal and international law They are commonly understood as inalienable fundamental rights "to which a person is inherently entitled simply because she or he is a human being" and which are "inherent in all human beings" regardless of their nation, location, language, religion, ethnic origin or any other status. They are applicable everywhere and at every time in the sense of being universal, and they are egalitarian in the sense of being the same for everyone. They are regarded as requiring empathy and therule of law and imposing an obligation on persons to respect the human rights of others, and it is generally considered that they should not be taken away except as a result of due process based on specific circumstances; for example, human rights may include freedom fromunlawful imprisonment, torture andexecution.

The doctrine of human rights has been highly influential within international law, global and regional institutions. Actions by states and non-governmental organisations form a basis of public policy worldwide. The idea of human rights suggests that "if the public discourse of peacetime global society can be said to have a common moral language, it is that of human rights". The strong claims made by the doctrine of human rights continue to provoke considerablescepticism and debates about the content, nature and justifications of human rights to this day. The precise meaning of the term right is controversial and is the subject of continued philosophical debate; while there is consensus that human rights encompasses a wide variety of rights such as the right to a fair trial, protection against enslavement, prohibition of genocide, free speechor a right to education (including the right to comprehensive sexuality education, among others), there is disagreement about which of these particular rights should be included within the general framework of human rights; some thinkers suggest that human rights should be a minimum requirement to avoid the worst-case abuses, while others see it as a higher standard. In the light of emerging neurotechnologies, four new rights were identified: the right to cognitive liberty, the right to mental privacy, the right to mental integrity, and the right to psychological continuity.

Many of the basic ideas that animated the human rights movement developed in the aftermath of the Second World War and the events of the Holocaust, culminating in the adoption of theUniversal Declaration of Human Rightsin Paris by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948. Ancient peoples did not have the same modern-day conception of universal human rights. The true forerunner of human rights discourse was the concept ofnatural rights which appeared as part of the medieval natural law tradition that became prominent during the EuropeanEnlightenment with such philosophers as John Locke, Francis Hutcheson andJean-Jacques Burlamaqui and which featured prominently in the political discourse of the American Revolutionand the French Revolution. From this foundation, the modern human rights arguments emerged over the latter half of the 20th century, possibly as a reaction to slavery, torture, genocide and war crimes, as a realisation of inherent human vulnerability and as being a precondition for the possibility of a just society.

Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world ...

— 1st sentence of the Preamble to theUnited NationsUniversal Declaration of Human Rights(UDHR)

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.

— Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

The Cyrus Cylinder, created by kingCyrus the Great, is sometimes argued to be the world's first charter of human rights.

The history of human rights has not been entirely progressive. Many established rights would be replaced by other less tolerant systems. Stable institutions may be uprooted such as in cases of conflict such as war and terrorism.

The earliest conceptualisation of human rights is credited to ideas about natural rights emanating from natural law.

The Northeast African civilization ofAncient Egypt supported basic human rights. For example, PharaohBocchoris (725-720 BC) promotedindividual rights, suppressed imprisonment for debt, and reformed laws relating to the transferral of property.

The first recording of human rights were inscribed by Cyrus the Great, the founder of the Achaemenid Empire, into the Cyrus Cylinder. The Cyrus Cylinder is a clay tablet created in 539 B.C. soon after the Achaemenid conquest of theNeo-Babylonian Empire. Additionally it stated the freedom to practice one's faith without persecution and forced conversions.

The Mauryan Emperor Ashoka, who ruled from 268 to 232 BCE, established the largest empire in South Asia. Following the reportedly destructiveKalinga War, Ashoka adopted Buddhism and abandoned an expansionist policy in favor of humanitarian reforms. TheEdicts of Ashoka were erected throughout his empire, containing the 'Law of Piety'. These laws prohibited slavery, religious discrimination, and cruelty against both humans and animals.

Later documents pertaining to human rights can be referenced in theConstitution of Medina (622), Al-Risalah al-Huquq (late 7th to early 8th century),Magna Carta (1215), the German Peasants' War Twelve Articles (1525), the English Bill of Rights (1689), the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789), and the Bill of Rights in the United States Constitution(1791).

The statute of Kalisz (1264), bestowed privileges to the Jewish minority in theKingdom of Poland such as protection from discrimination and hate speech.[24]Samuel Moyn suggests that the concept of human rights is intertwined with the modern sense of citizenship, which did not emerge until the past few hundred years.