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Name= Group= 5 Q1. Epidemiology of non-communicable diseases. The purpose of this field of epidemiology.. Source, transmission routes of non-infectious agents. A detailed list of factors of epidemiological importance for the growth and spread of non-infectious diseases Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) kill 41 million people each year, equivalent to 74% of all deaths globally. Each year, 17 million people die from a NCD before age 70; 86% of these premature deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries. Non-communicable diseases are diseases that are not spread through infection or through other people, but are typically caused by unhealthy behaviours. They are the leading cause of death worldwide and present a huge threat to health and development, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Four types of non-communicable diseases account for over two thirds of deaths globally: Cardiovascular diseases Cancers Diabetes Chronic respiratory diseases Yet these diseases are largely preventable. 80% of heart diseases, strokes, type 2 diabetes and over one third of cancers can be prevented by: cutting out tobacco, eating a healthy diet, being physically active and stopping harmful use of alcohol. Our millions of community volunteers worldwide help people to adopt these healthy behaviours and reduce their risk of contracting non-communicable diseases. Combined with improved disease management and access to quality and affordable health services, this helps people to live longer and healthier lives. Many NCDs can be prevented by reducing common risk factors such as tobacco use, harmful alcohol use, physical inactivity and eating unhealthy diets. Many other important conditions are also considered NCDs, including injuries and mental health disorders. Management of NCDs includes detecting, screening and treating these diseases, and providing access to palliative care for people in need. High impact essential NCD interventions can be delivered through a primary health care approach to strengthen early detection and timely treatment. The main goal of non-communicable disease prevention is to reduce the exposure of the population to manageable risk factors. Public health policy must be based on a multi-sectoral approach in order to support the formation of healthy environment and healthy behaviours in the population. Epidemiology is the method used to find the causes of health outcomes and diseases in populations. In epidemiology, the patient is the community and individuals are viewed collectively. NCDs (non communicable diseases) are the #1 cause of death and disability worldwide, and impose years of disability on those affected and their families. NCDs are a significant threat to achieving internationally agreed development goals. In order to prevent and control major NCDs, the National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke (NPCDCS) was launched in 2010 with focus on strengthening infrastructure, human resource development, health promotion, early diagnosis, management and . Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are not a new problem, having long been of concern in developed countries; they are, however, of increasing concern in developing countries because of their transition from low-income to middle-income status, the influence of globalization on consumption patterns. There is increased risk of catastrophic out-of-pocket health expenditure for households with NCDs relative to those without. They also lead to loss of household income and increased financial risk, deepening poverty and inequality.
Ans. What is HIV? HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. It harms your immune system by destroying a type of white blood cell that helps your body fight infection. This puts you at risk for serious infections and certain cancers. What is AIDS? AIDS stands for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. It is the final stage of infection with HIV. It happens when the body's immune system is badly damaged because of the virus. Not everyone with HIV develops AIDS. How does HIV spread? HIV can spread in different ways: Through unprotected sex with a person with HIV. This is the most common way that it spreads. By sharing drug needles. Through contact with the blood of a person with HIV. From mother to baby during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding. Who is at risk for HIV infection? Anyone can get HIV, but certain groups have a higher risk of getting it: People who have another sexually transmitted disease (STD). Having an STD can increase your risk of getting or spreading HIV. People who inject drugs with shared needles. Gay and bisexual men. Black/African Americans and Hispanic/Latino Americans. They make up a higher proportion of new HIV diagnoses and people with HIV, compared to other races and ethnicities. People who engage in risky sexual behaviors, such as not using condoms. Factors such as stigma, discrimination, income, education, and geographic region can also affect people's risk for HIV. What are the symptoms of HIV/AIDS? The first signs of HIV infection may be flu-like symptoms: Fever
Rash Night sweats Muscle aches Sore throat Fatigue Swollen lymph nodes Mouth ulcers These symptoms may come and go within two to four weeks. This stage is called acute HIV infection. If the infection is not treated, it becomes chronic HIV infection. Often, there are no symptoms during this stage. If it is not treated, eventually the virus will weaken your body's immune system. Then the infection will progress to AIDS. This is the late stage of HIV infection. With AIDS, your immune system is badly damaged. You can get more and more severe infections. These are known as opportunistic infections (OIs). Some people may not feel sick during the earlier stages of HIV infection. So the only way to know for sure whether you have HIV is to get tested. How do I know if I have HIV? A blood test can tell if you have HIV infection. Your health care provider can do the test, or you can use a home testing kit. You can also use the CDC Testing Locator to find free testing sites care provider can do the test, or you can use a home testing kit. You can also use the CDC Testing Locator to find free testing sites. What are the treatments for HIV/AIDS? There is no cure for HIV infection, but it can be treated with medicines. This is called antiretroviral therapy (ART). ART can make HIV infection a manageable chronic condition. It also reduces the risk of spreading the virus to others. Most people with HIV live long and healthy lives if they get and stay on ART. It's also important to take care of yourself. Making sure that you have the support you need, living a healthy lifestyle, and getting regular medical care can help you enjoy a better quality of life. Can HIV/AIDS be prevented?
Getting tested for HIV. Choosing less risky sexual behaviors. This includes limiting the number of sexual partners you have and using latex condoms every time you have sex. If your or your partner is allergic to latex, you can use polyurethane condoms. Getting tested and treated for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Not injecting drugs. Talking to your health care provider about medicines to prevent HIV: PrEP (pre-exposure prophylaxis) is for people who don't already have HIV but are at very high risk of getting it. PrEP is daily medicine that can reduce this risk. PEP (post-exposure prophylaxis) is for people who have possibly been exposed to HIV. It is only for emergency situations. PEP must be started within 72 hours after a possible exposure to HIV. Yüklə 11,69 Kb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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