particular aim or activity
b) extremely; very much
c) give importance
d) grow strongly and vigorously
e) an effect of one thing on another
f) having an important function
g) cause the way something develops
h) extremely important
i) the supporting or aiding, usually financially, of
an artist by someone
j) a socially or politically privileged class whose
titles are inherited or given them by royalty
k) the effect of something on others who are
developing creative feelings
I) request for information; questioning
m) honesty; keeping to one's moral principles
288 • ELS
EXERCISE 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. We learn from the passage that no nation other than France
A)
has centres where artists meet and exchange ideas
B) followed artistic trends that originated in France
C) has had patrons of the arts
D) has allowed neoclassical playwrights to perform their work
E) has had so many authors who have won the Nobel prize for literature
2. The passage tells us that the impressionist movement
A)
was largely a twentieth-century trend
B) was, in great part, inspired by a number of French artists
C) was led primarily by Voltaire and Rousseau
D) was a French form of drama
E) provided the winners of eleven Nobel prizes
3. It is mentioned in the passage that
A)
French art is a little hard to appreciate for outsiders
B) the French people themselves don't take much interest in art
C) artists from other countries also flock to France
D) the art industry today in France would collapse without the support of the nobility
E) productivity in the arts in France is diminishing
EXERCISE 3:
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
1.
The small town of Hay-on-Wye, England, not only has a literary festival, but also has over
thirty second-hand bookshops. It is a
for book collectors.
2. The American Cordell Hull won the 1945 Nobel Peace Prize mainly because he was so
in organizing the United Nations.
3.
If you are considering him as a business partner, you must be sure of his
first, because you can't work with someone whom you don't trust.
4. A/An
to storytellers, artists and American history writers, the Hudson
River has played a strategic role in the growth of the United States.
5. When law and order breaks down, crime immediately starts to
ELS
•
289
HARRIET MONROE
As a poet, Harriet Monroe knew that other poets had little chance to become
known and earn money. Few books by living poets were published, and magazines
bought poetry mainly to fill leftover space. She solved the problem by starting her
own poetry magazine,
Poetry: a Magazine of Verse,
in 1912, through which she had
a major influence on the development of modern poetry. She knew that a new
publication with a small circulation could not pay its own way. Nevertheless, she
wanted to pay poets for their work and to offer prizes. She could think of only one
way to accomplish this: to persuade well-to-do people to support the magazine as
they did orchestras and art museums. By asking about 100 Chicagoans to pledge
$50 annually for five years, Monroe raised the money to launch her magazine. She
became the first editor. As its motto she chose a line from Walt Whitman: "To have
great poets there must be great audiences too." Poetry published the work of nearly
every notable modern American and British poet. Some well-known poems that first
appeared in the magazine are Carl Sandburg's "Chicago", Joyce Kilmer's "Trees",
T.S. Eliot's "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock", and Vachel Lindsay's "The
Congo". Monroe never married. Her hobbies were travel and mountain climbing. She
continued as editor of
Poetry
until her death on September 26, 1936, in Peru.
E X E R C I S E 1:
Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
a)
remaining after the rest has been used
b) an empty area
c) poetry
d) important
e) the total number of magazines, newspapers,
etc., sold or distributed
f) advance or succeed while covering the
necessary costs itself
(phrase)
g) succeed in doing
h) wealthy
i) give help to
j) guarantee; promise to do
k) every year
I) start a new enterprise; set something into
action
m) a saying, word, phrase or sentence chosen to
express the goals or ideals of a group, nation,
etc.
n) striking; remarkable; important
290
E L S
EXERCISE 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. In order to bring the work of living poets to the attention of a wide audience, Harriet
Monroe
A)
campaigned in magazines
B) started her own poetry magazine
C) toured South America
D) wrote to Walt Whitman for help
E) used leftover space in her magazine
Poetry
2.
It is noted in the passage that, in order to fund her business venture, Monroe
A)
used her vast personal wealth
B) asked modern poets to donate their work free of charge
C) persuaded the rich of Chicago to donate money for the project
D) used her wages as the editor of another magazine
E) asked for donations from well-known American and British poets
3. According to the passage,
Poetry: a Magazine of Verse
A)
never paid for itself
B) mainly printed the work of dead poets
C) had a significant effect on the advancement of modern verse
D) failed to attract the work of notable American and British poets
E) had problems finding material to fill leftover space
EXERCISE 3:
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
1.
When
I
visited my uncle in New York, he took me to see the street where the
people live, but they had security guards and high fences, so we
couldn't even see the houses.
2.
The
of the Girl Guides is "Be Prepared".
3. The British novelist Kingsley Amis was
for his contributions to the
development of the comic novel.
4. The company
$1000 a year to help with the running expenses of the
centre.
5. There is an opera and ballet festival held
in Aspendos and every year
it attracts thousands of visitors.
ELS
29 1
GULLIVER'S TRAVELS
When
Gulliver's Travels
was published in 1726, the author's name, Jonathan Swift,
did not appear on the book. The title page read, "Travels into several remote Nations of
the World, by Lemuel Gulliver...". Many people accepted this as fact. Travel books of the
time told many tales that were no more strange than the imaginary adventures of
Gulliver. One sea captain even claimed that he knew Captain Gulliver well. Other readers
condemned the book as full of exaggerations. Although it became one of the most
famous books for children, it was not written for children. It was savage satire aimed at
the human race. The tiny Lilliputians are vain, malicious and bloodthirsty. The king and
the court of Lilliput are a parody of the English king and court. The giants of Brobdingnag
are amiable, but commonplace and insensitive. Laputa is full of the foolish philosophers
and scientists whom Swift despised. The Houyhnhnms are horses who use degraded
men, Yahoos, just as men use horses elsewhere. Looking at mankind through the eyes
of horses, Swift sees people as vicious, greedy and ignorant. From its first appearance,
Gulliver's Travels
delighted its readers instead of shocking them. In spite of his
bitterness, Swift took a dry delight in making his narrative sound real even when it was
fantastic. Children could enjoy the marvellous adventures of a traveller among pygmies
and giants, on a flying island, and in a country where horses talk. Thus,
Gulliver's Travels
soon became a children's classic.
EX E RC I S E 1:
Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
a)
very far away
b) existing only in the mind and not real
c) say that someone or something is very bad, or
unacceptable
d) something made or expressed to seem larger,
better, worse, etc., than it really is
e) being overly proud of one's own looks, abilities,
etc.
f) intended to harm others or their reputation;
spiteful
g) very cruel and taking pleasure in killing
h) a creature with human shape but enormous
size
i) friendly and pleasant to be with; likeable
j) ordinary; usual
k) unaware of other people's feelings; uncaring
I) feel a great hatred of
m) lowered in, respect or value; vulgarized
n) given or done with evil or cruel intent
o) anger; resentment
p) quiet and appearing serious but actually very
amusing; ironic
q) story
r) existing in the imagination
s) a very small race of people or species of
animals
2 9 2
ELS
EXERCISE 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. It is clear from the passage that when
Gulliver's Travels
was first published,
A)
it had a completely different title
B) a number of people believed that it described real adventures
C) it was popular with the English king and his court
D) it was disliked immensely by philosophers and scientists
E) it shocked almost everyone who read it
2. According to the passage, over the years
Gulliver's Travels
became
A)
condemned because it contained too many exaggerations
B) more popular with adults than children
C) an enduring favourite with children
D) a well-respected travel book
E) less and less popular and was eventually forgotten about
3. We understand from the passage that, through his book, Swift
A)
made a huge fortune
B) expressed his negative opinion of human civilization
C) got the idea of writing a number of children's books
D) told about his travel to an island where pygmies and giants lived together
E) annoyed philosophers and scientists as well as ordinary people
EXERCISE 3:
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
1.
He said that he was a catering manager, but this was an
as he
actually works part-time at McDonald's.
2.
He is such a/an
person that he has dozens of friends from all over the
world.
3.
Susan has been spreading some
gossip about her manager, hoping
that he would get into trouble or be fired from his job.
4.
Despite being a university graduate she is so
she never has anything
interesting to talk about.
5. Deep in the jungles of central Africa live the tribe known as the Twa. They are
- no man in the tribe is taller than one and a half metres.
ELS • 293
CYRUS FIELD (1819-92)
The businessman Cyrus Field, who had entered the paper business when he
was 2 1 , and who retired at 33 with a fortune, promoted the laying of the first
transatlantic telegraph cable. He had no technical knowledge to qualify him for the
task, but he was a brilliant and persuasive organizer. He also had a determination
that helped him overcome repeated failures. The idea of laying a transatlantic cable
was not new, but because of the great depths and distance involved, no one had
promoted it. In 1854 a Canadian engineer interested Field in laying a cable from St.
John's, Newfoundland, to the Canadian mainland. This would speed the receipt of
European news by several days. While studying a globe, Field decided that the
cable should be extended to Ireland. Laying the Canadian cable took two and a half
years. By that time Field had organized companies in the United States and Great
Britain to raise funds for an Atlantic cable between the two countries. The first four
cables broke, causing heavy losses to investors. The fifth was completed on August
5, 1858. On August 15, Queen Victoria and President James Buchanan exchanged
messages on the new cable. Soon, however, the signals became unintelligible, and
in October they ceased. Undeterred, Field raised additional funds. After another
failure in 1865, the fight was finally won on July 27, 1866.
E X E R C I S E 1:
Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
a) encourage to exist
b) put (something) in a particular place or position
c) able to influence or convince people
d) the state of being very eager to accomplish
something
e) defeat [verb]
f) an instance of being unsuccessful
g) the land area of a country without its islands
h) move along fast; make faster
i) obtaining something sent
j) an object like a ball, used as a model of the
Earth
k) a sum of money raised for a cause
I) person who puts money into a business or
businesses
m) give and receive
n) unable be understood
o) not discouraged
294
ELS
EXERCISE 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. According to the passage, Cyrus Field completed the laying of a transatlantic cable
A)
sooner than was originally planned
B) with the support of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom
C) with great perseverance and despite several setbacks
D) in a time of two and a half years
E) thanks to his vast technical knowledge of telecommunications
2. It is clear from the passage that, at the time he first came up with the idea for a
transatlantic cable, Cyrus Field
A)
had already completed a shorter cable in Canada
B) was just starting out in the paper business
C) was already a wealthy retired businessman
D) had studied telecommunications for several years
E) had met both Queen Victoria and President James Buchanan
3. It is mentioned in the passage that Cyrus Field was good at
A)
organizing things
B) geography
C) fitting cables
D) deep-sea diving
E)
journalism
EXERCISE 3:
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE
1.
1.
I recorded the interview onto a cassette tape, but apparently, the tape was faulty as most of
the recorded interview is
2.
Several people laughed at his plans to open an outdoor heated swimming pool in England,
but,
he built it and opened it to the public last year.
3. The Channel Tunnel connects the island of Great Britain with the
of
Europe via a railway link.
4.
Maps of the world give us a representation of our planet, but they give a somewhat distorted
picture as the world is not flat. A/An
, however, gives us a far more real
idea of how the different continents and oceans combine to make up the Earth.
5.
He started his own computer company, but unfortunately, his venture ended in
He now has a job with the Post Office and is content with working for
someone else.
ELS • 295
THE MODERN APPROACH TO DISPLAYING ANIMALS
Many of the zoos in the past were actually parks with fenced enclosures and
buildings containing caged animals. Lions, tigers and other cats were kept in one
house; monkeys in another; birds in another. Single animals in bare cages were not
very interesting to the visitors, however. Many animals that live in groups in the wild
also did not adapt well to living alone. Modern zoos present the animals by showing
them in surroundings that resemble as closely as possible their natural habitats.
Visitors to a modern zoo can look across a plain and see lions seemingly free to
wander. Nearby are birds, with antelopes and zebras feeding at the edge of a water
hole. The other animals are not afraid of the lions because they are separated from
them by wide, deep trenches, or sometimes moats. These trenches also separate
the visitors from the animals in the exhibit. The trenches are often hidden with
plants, and the visitor frequently does not notice them. The animals appear to be
living wild in their natural settings. Often what appear to visitors as real trees, rocks
and vines, however, are in fact artificial. These naturalistic parts of the exhibit are
built of durable materials and designed to withstand rough treatment by the animals.
E X E R C I S E 1:
Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
a)
a way of dealing with a problem or situation
b) an area surrounded by a fence
c) plain; empty; not having appropriate furnishing;
without decorations
d) be similar to; look like
e) a piece of land which is level
f) apparently
g) move or travel about without any course or
destination; roam
h) the border or margin of a surface; the line
where something begins or ends
i) a deep ditch
j) a water-filled ditch
k) produced by man; not occurring naturally
I) long-lasting
m) endure in a successful way; remain whole or
firm against force
n) not gentle; violent
296 • ELS
EXERCISE 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. According to the passage, zoos nowadays are noted for
A)
parks with fenced enclosures
B) single animals in bare cages
C) lions freely roaming among visitors
D) wild animals getting on well with each other
E) having settings similar to nature
2. One of the problems with the older style of zoo mentioned in the passage was
A)
groups of animals becoming frustrated with each other in cages
B) natural surroundings that were not long-lasting
C) a lack of public interest in lone animals in standard cages
D) rough treatment of natural vegetation by wild animals
E) the pressure from animal rights groups
3. In the author's opinion, a modern zoo gives the appearance of
A)
animals being careful not to fall down steep trenches
B) lonely, bored animals in cages
C) strong high fences separating lions from other animals
D) animals roaming without restrictions
E) the environment being totally man-made
EXERCISE 3:
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
1. Different plastics are used for different purposes, but most of them tend to be resistant to
corrosion, and thus
2. The path to the church from the farm leads along the
of the woods and
then over the stream via a wooden footbridge.
3. With only a bed and a chair, the room was almost
4. Whichever toys we buy for our mother and toddler club, they had better be strong as they
have to survive the
treatment of fifteen young children twice weekly.
5.
Houses which have been poorly and cheaply built are less likely to
earthquakes.
ELS
297
HELEN KELLER (1880-1968)
Helen Adams Keller was born on June 27, 1880. Nineteen months later, she
had a severe illness that left her blind and deaf. Her parents had hope for her. They
had read Charles Dickens' report of the aid given to another blind and deaf girl,
Laura Bridgman. When Helen was 6 years old, her parents took her to see
Alexander Graham Bell, famed teacher of the deaf and inventor of the telephone. As
a result of his advice, Anne Mansfield Sullivan began to teach Helen in 1887. Until
her death in 1936, she remained Helen's teacher and constant companion. Sullivan
had been almost blind in early life, but her sight had been partially restored. Helen
soon learnt the finger-tip, or manual, alphabet as well as Braille - a system of writing
for blind people, using raised dots which can be read by touch. By placing her
sensitive fingers on the lips and throat of her teachers, she felt their motions and
learnt to "hear" them speak. Three years after mastering the manual alphabet, she
learnt to speak herself. "Once I knew only darkness^and stillness... . My life was
without past or future... . But a little word from the fingers of another fell into my
hand that clutched at emptiness, and my heart leapt to the rapture of living." This is
how Helen Keller described the beginning of her "new life" when, despite blindness
and deafness, she learnt to communicate with others.
E X E R C I S E 1:
Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
a)
strong; extreme
b) without the ability to see
c) without the ability to hear
d) faithful; unchanging; always present
e) a person who goes with, or is often with,
another
f) the power of seeing
g) not completely
h) bring back into use
i) done with the hands
j) put, placed, built, or made higher than its
surrounding surface
k) a very small round mark
I) able to record or perceive small changes
m) the front part of the neck
n) action; movement
o) gain great skill in a subject, language, etc.
p) the state of being without movement or sound
q) hold tightly with hands
r) jump
s) the state of being extremely happy and pleased
298
•
ELS
EXERCISE 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. According to the passage one of the things which encouraged Helen's parents to think
positively about their daughter's future was
A)
reports of Anne Mansfield Sullivan's successes with similar children
B) an account by Charles Dickens of the assistance another blind and deaf girl received
C) the way Alexander Graham Bell had partially recovered from blindness
D) the invention of Braille by Alexander Graham Bell in 1887
E) that her deafness and blindness were only partial
2. Anne Mansfield Sullivan is described in the passage as Helen's teacher and
A)
the inventor of Braille
B) faithful companion
C) the subject of a report by Charles Dickens
D) distant relative
E) a student of Alexander Graham Bell
3. From the information in the passage, we know that Helen Adams Keller
A)
was overjoyed about being able to communicate with others
B) was blind and deaf when she was born
C) was almost blind when she was born but partially regained her sight later
D) took a shorter time than most students to learn the manual alphabet
E) was disappointed by the slow progress she made under the instruction of Sullivan
EXERCISE 3:
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
1.
When he was released from the dark, filthy prison cell into the daylight, his heart filled with
2.
In chickens and turkeys the Newcastle disease may be so
that nearly
all those in an infected flock die within three days before any signs of illness have even
developed.
3.
Now that both my mother and her sister have both lost their husbands, they have become
close
to each other, which is good as, that way, they don't feel so
lonely.
4.
Most cars in America have automatic gearboxes, but I prefer a
gearshift, as I feel more in control when I change the gears myself.
5.
It took her five years to
Finnish and, shortly after she became fluent in
the language, she was transferred to Taiwan.
ELS
•
299
DANIEL DEFOE
The author of
Robinson Crusoe,
Daniel Defoe, was born into a family who were Dissenters*,
people who did not believe in certain practices of the Church of England. Young Daniel was brought
up in the strict yet independent beliefs of the Dissenters. At 14 he was sent to a Dissenters' academy.
In addition to the traditional Latin and Greek, he studied French, Italian, Spanish, and history and
became especially well-educated in geography. He studied for the ministry, but instead of becoming a
priest, in 1685 he went into business. Engaged in foreign trade, he visited France and lived in Spain
for a time. Meanwhile he was writing and speculating financially, but Defoe was more interested in
writing than in conducting business. His lively mind was taken up with problems of the day. In
pamphlets, verse and periodicals, he called for reforms and advances in religious practices,
economics, social welfare and politics. In his "Essay on Projects", he suggested a national bank, as
well as ideas to help reform bankruptcy laws, asylums and academies of learning. He stressed the
need for tolerance, often using satire for emphasis. In 1702 he wrote a pamphlet titled "The Shortest
Way with Dissenters", satirizing the persecution of Dissenters. The government arrested him. After
some months in prison, he was released through the influence of Robert Harley, a statesman who
became his patron. In 1704, Defoe started
The Review,
a periodical. It was the first of many such
periodicals with which Defoe was connected-forerunners of the modern newspaper. As people of that
era did not care for fiction, Defoe wrote "true histories" of pirates and thieves, spicing facts with his
own imagination. In 1719 he published
Robinson Crusoe,
which was drawn from the experiences and
memoirs of a British sailor, Alexander Selkirk.
*An English Protestant who dissents is some way from Church of England Dogma
E X E R C I S E 1:
Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
a)
the work done by an official religious person; a
religious career
b) involved
c) buy and sell goods or stock and shares in the
hope of making a profit through changes in
their value
d) a small book with a paper cover, usually
containing information on a specific subject
e) poetry; writing arranged in lines, usually with a
regular rhythm or rhyme scheme
f) magazine, etc., that is published at regular
intervals
g) the good health, happiness or comfort of a
whole community
(phrase)
h) the state of being unable to pay debts in full
i) a hospital for the care of mentally ill people
j) the art or practice of mocking people or making
them appear ridiculous in order to show how
foolish, wicked or incompetent they are
k) the treating of somebody in a cruel way,
especially because of their race, their political
or religious beliefs, etc.
I) a person who gives money or support to a
person, an organization, a cause or an activity
m) something that prepares the way for the
coming of something else
n) a period in history starting from a particular
time or event, or having particular
characteristics
o) a person on a ship who attacks and robs other
ships at sea
p) add a different element; give interest or variety
to something
q) a written account of someone's life and
experiences
300 • ELS
EXERCISE 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. From the information in the passage, we can assume that
Robinson Crusoe
was
A)
an accurate historical account of British piracy
B) a mixture of fact and fiction describing adventures at sea
C) the handwritten diary of the British sailor Alexander Selkirk
D) a pamphlet about the cruel treatment of Dissenters
E) Daniel Defoe's first periodical
2. Defoe became a writer, although, as mentioned in the passage
A)
he had been a pirate
B) he had been unable to pay his debts
C) he preferred speculating on the stock market
D) he knew relatively little about geography
E) he had trained to become a priest
3. We learn from the passage that, in order to emphasize the problems of his time, Defoe
would
A)
preach to religious congregations
B) use his great knowledge of geography
C) write in French, Italian and Spanish
D) ridicule established practices
E) make fun of the statesman Robert Harley
EXERCISE 3:
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
1.
The ancient game of ninepin bowling, known in England as skittles, was a/an
of modern American tenpin bowling.
2. The
of the Bosnian Muslims was allowed to continue for three years
before the international community decisively intervened.
3.
I always thought that my grandfather had led a commonplace life until I read his
which were full of war, romance and adventure.
4. The poet Robert Burns not only wrote fine
but also kept an interesting
diary.
5.
I enquired at the health centre about the new vaccination and they gave me a useful
which explains all the advantages and possible side effects.
ELS • 301
BACKPACKERS
"Backpackers" refers to a subculture of generally youthful travellers exploring the
planet on a limited budget. They refer to themselves as backpackers because they can
be roughly defined as travellers that travel with a rucksack instead of a suitcase.
Backpackers need specialized equipment that is both durable and extremely lightweight.
Tents, sleeping bags, cooking stoves and even special food that is light enough to be
carried for great distances can be purchased at stores that sell camping equipment. Most
gear is carried in a backpack. A typical American backpack is designed to be attached to
a metal frame that distributes the weight evenly across the wearer's shoulders and hips.
Rucksacks, backpacks without metal frames, are more popular in Europe.
Backpackers often go hiking and camping, backpacking in the
other sense, but they more often explore more urban settings.
United in having slim wallets as well as a passion for the exotic,
they seek out low-cost options such as standby flights, youth
hostels, and buying food at supermarkets abroad instead of
going to restaurants. They often assemble in beautiful places with
low costs of living such as Goa (India), Essaouira (Morocco), or
Thailand.
They are generally very social, and a highlight for many
backpackers is meeting others like themselves on the road. They are
quick to share advice on great sites, cheap accommodations and e-
mail addresses. Many strive to meet locals wherever they visit but find
that the loose network of backpackers makes them feel at home instantly in
a
foreign country.
E X E R C I S E 1:
Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
a)
the ideas, art, and way of life of a particular
group within society
b) small amount of expenditure
(two different
phrases)
c) approximately; about
d) strong and long-lasting
e) buy
f) in equal amounts
g) relating to towns or cities
h) acting as a group; in association with others
i) strong interest in something
j) strange, unusual, interesting and attractive
k) choice
I) gather together as a group, usually for a
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