Nasibe Sevgi-English Through Reading(book 5). pdf
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party. 4. I'm not keen on futuristic fiction or, indeed, any films or books in the science fiction 5. Roald Dahl wrote his children's stories in a small hut in his garden where he could get completely his work. ELS • 245 THE FIRST MAN-MADE OBJECTS IN THE SKY Long before men learned how to fly, they sent objects soaring through the air. The arrow dates from the Stone Age. The ancient Chinese flew kites. The early inhabitants of Australia invented the boomerang, the blades of which they carved in the shape of an airfoil. As early as the Middle Ages, men of scientific mind prophesied human flight. About 1250, Roger Bacon, an English friar, suggested the orthopter, a machine that flaps its wings like a bird. He also conceived the balloon, proposing "a hollow globe filled with ethereal air or liquid fire." Some 250 years later, the great Italian artist and scientist Leonardo da Vinci studied the flight of birds. About 1490, he drew sketches for flying machines, also of the orthopter type. Leonardo made drawings of a propeller and a helicopter. An Italian monk, Francesco de Lana, in 1670 proposed a vacuum balloon. Four spheres, from which air had been exhausted, were to support a car equipped with oars and a sail. He overlooked the phenomenon of atmospheric pressure, however, which would have crushed the spheres. Not until a hundred years later was the first balloon flown successfully in public. In 1783, J. Etienne and Joseph M. Montgolfier inflated a big paper balloon with hot which rose 6,000 feet. E X E RC I S E 1: Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as: COLUMN A COLUMN B a) fly upwards or high in the sky b) light frame covered with paper or cloth, which has a long string which is held while the frame flies in the air c) a curved piece of wood, one type of which comes back to the thrower if thrown correctly d) long flat piece of wood or metal forming part of something such as a propeller, fan or oar e) cut something out of stone or wood f) say that you believe something will happen; to make a prediction g) a member of a Catholic religious community or society h) move, usually wings, quickly up and down i) (of ideas, plans) to think of something and work out how it can be done j) having nothing inside but space; a cavity or space in something k) so light as to seem almost supernatural; characterized by unusual lightness I) (on boat or aircraft) device with blades which rotates causing boat or plane to move m) the shape of a ball n) be used up completely o) long poles with a wide, flat blade at one end, usually used for rowing a boat p) not notice or realize the importance of something q) press or squeeze very hard so that something is broken or its shape is destroyed r) become, or make something become, bigger as being filled with air or another gas 246 • ELS EXERCISE 2: Choose the correct answer according to the passage. 1. According to the passage, over 500 years before the first balloon flight A) boomerangs were the only means of air travel for men B) men didn't even know how to fire arrows C) Leonardo da Vinci studied the flight of birds and drew flying machines D) successful "orthopters" had already been transporting people by air E) knowledgeable men believed successful flights would be achieved one day 2. It is clear from the passage that Leonardo da Vinci A) had considered the possibility of air travel in some depth B) concentrated more on science than on art C) had ignored the existence of air pressure D) had made detailed studies of how a boomerang returns to its thrower E) managed to build the first helicopter but it did not fly 3. We learn from the passage that J. Etienne and Joseph M. Montgolfier A) ignored the presence of atmospheric pressure B) succeeded in a type of flight conceived several centuries earlier C) made many drawings, but never built a successful machine D) were the first men to imagine air balloons which could rise in the sky E) did not think helicopters could ever be successful EXERCISE 3: Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1. 1. As John lives only a mile from Heathrow Airport in London, the airplanes above his house every few minutes. 2. As the doctor desperately attempted to rescue people from the burning hospital, he accidentally got his arm too close to the helicopter and one of its sliced his arm straight off. 3. The kestrel, a type of falcon, hovers in flight with its tail fanned out and its wings vigorously as it watches the ground for small animals, such as mice. 4. The police inspector the fact that, although the suspect was seen going into work and leaving work, he could have left his office at any time during the day. 5. I slept on an airbed at my aunt's, which took me quite some time to using a small foot pump. ELS • 247 TOURISM Tourism is travelling for recreation. Tourists originated when large numbers of middle class people began to join the more wealthy aristocratic travellers. As societies became wealthier, and people lived longer, it became more and more likely that lower-middle class and middle class people steadily employed would retire in good health and with significant savings. A tourist can usually be seen as clearly "out of place" in his current surroundings, so he is not confused with other travellers. The term "tourist" is tied to the activity of taking a tour or sightseeing. It is not limited to travelling, but used as a description of a person who enters a situation or culture, for a brief time, requiring knowledge that he does not have. The tourist can be interested - among other things - in the new place's culture or its nature. Wealthy people have always travelled to distant parts of the world, not, for any special purpose, but simply for travelling as an end in itself: to see great buildings or other works of art; to learn new languages; and to taste new cuisines. Organized tourism is now a major industry around the world and many national economies are now heavily reliant on tourism. The term tourism is sometimes used in an uncomplimentary manner, implying a shallow interest by tourists in general in the societies and natural wonders they visit. E X E RC I S E 1: Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as: COLUMN A COLUMN B a) refreshment of one's mind or body after work through activity that amuses or stimulates b) not subject to change or variation; regularly c) large or important d) not fitting in with one's surroundings (phrase) e) occurring at or belonging to the present time f) get two things mixed up; be mistaken for (phrase) g) lasting fora short time h) faraway i) desirable, even though you may achieve nothing by it (phrase) j) (of a region, country, or culture) characteristic style of cooking k) dependent on something for support i) expressing disapproval m) suggest something without actually saying it n) not involving serious or careful thought 248 ELS EXERCISE 2: Choose the correct answer according to the passage. 1. According to the passage, a tourist A) has to be rich in order to relax during the holiday B) usually carries out business abroad C) is usually studying the local language D) isn't normally obvious among natives E) visits places with the aim of enjoying them 2. It is clear from the passage that tourism A) is not favoured by the rich people of the place being visited B) includes business travel and foreign studies as well C) makes up a significant percentage of the economies of some countries D) encourages other types of trade between nations E) helps to eliminate cultural differences between nations 3. It is mentioned in the passage that A) only those who have just retired with a lot of money make good tourists B) tourists normally prepare in advance to feel at ease within the foreign countries they visit C) tourists are not welcome in most countries D) tourism costs some countries a lot of money E) most tourists are not interested in communicating with natives other than on a superficial level EXERCISE 3: Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1. 1. I felt a bit in the restaurant in my nurse's uniform, but i didn't have time to change before meeting Heather on her birthday. 2. Animal activists, who are as much against keeping pets as they are against hunting, should not be animal lovers, who care for their pets lovingly. 3. Reporting a business's progress should not be a/an but should provide useful information for improving productivity or service quality. 4. Rice and pulses - dried beans, lentils, and chickpeas - cooked with fish, chicken, or pork, are basics in Spanish 5. There are plenty of opportunities for in the hotel, such as tennis and golf. ELS • 249 ORGANIC FARMING The discovery of antibiotics in the 20th century brought remarkable changes to modern medicine, enabling people to live longer, healthier lives. But in the last generation, new strains of bacteria have emerged that are resistant to these wonder drugs. One of the main causes of resistance is the overuse of antibiotics. That includes drugs given to commercially raised livestock, and this can lead to serious threats to human health if the animal is diseased. Hence, organic farming - which means raising animals and crops without using drugs or chemical fertilizers - is gradually becoming popular. New Horizons is such a farm in the American state of North Carolina. This farm is raising meat without the use of chemicals. Eleven-year-old Chance Lorraine likes to show visitors around. Here, on 20 hectares, his parents raise organic vegetables, pigs, Black Angus beef cattle, and chickens. There are also water buffalo. But what really sets New Horizons apart from commercial livestock farms are three metal silos near the pastures. "We keep feed in all three of these. That's cow feed, that's chicken feed, and the other one is pig feed," says Chance. The feed is special because of what it doesn't have: no growth hormones, no animal by-products, no chemicals against worms, and no antibiotics. The animals in the field that eat this feed eventually end up in cold storage at the New Horizons Farm store. E X E RC I S E 1: Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as: COLUMN A COLUMN B a) worthy of notice; extraordinary; easily noticed b) a group of organisms within a species that differ in trivial ways from similar groups c) not affected by the action of something; d) produced in large quantities for financial gain e) domestic farm animals, such as cattle, horses and sheep, especially when raised for profit f) as a consequence; therefore; thus g) moving, changing, etc., slowly and by degrees h) breed, grow i) guide or escort someone to various areas of a place or building (phrase) j) make something or someone different from other similar things (phrase) k) land covered with grass and grazed by, or suitable for grazing by, livestock I) food, especially for animals m) a small elongated soft animal, without a backbone n) at the very end; finally; after a long time or delay o) space or area reserved for keeping things for future use 250 • ELS EXERCISE 2: Choose the correct answer according to the passage. 1. According to the passage, over the last fifty years or so A) bacteria have developed that are not affected by today's antibiotics B) there has been a sharp increase in organic farming across the world C) North Carolina has become the centre of organic farming D) a huge number of antibiotics have been developed E) the Lorraines have gradually changed to organic farming methods 2. The author states that one reason for the growth in organic farming is A) higher productivity from livestock B) cost savings over intensive farming methods C) the government support provided for private enterprises D) fears over the consequences of excessive use of antibiotics E) an epidemic of worms infesting livestock 3. According to the description in the passage, the food for livestock at New Horizons A) contains animal products for added protein B) is treated with antibiotics C) contains medicine to treat worm infestations D) promotes animal growth through the use of hormones E) is totally natural EXERCISE 3: Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1. 1. I'll leave you with our receptionist now, and she'll you our offices, canteen, and other facilities. 2. It is important to paint exterior walls with weather paint, such as an oil- based type. 3. There is currently a national shortage of social workers , high salaries are now being offered for this kind of work. 4. There have been advances in telecommunications in the last century. 5. He grew mushrooms in his garage as a hobby before he started growing them ELS • 2 5 1 THE NEED FOR THE STUDY OF HISTORY The study of history is commonly regarded as essential to a full education. It figures prominently in school syllabuses; history departments in universities are well- populated; and publishers' lists are crowded with historical titles. Why? Because it is widely believed that the modern world cannot be properly conceived without a knowledge of the past: as a historian once said, the most significant benefit of studying history is discovering "the origin of things present which are to be found in things past; for a reality is never better understood than through its causes." Besides this, the study of history can help men predict the future on the basis of the past, often by reasoning about parallel events. However, very frequent appeals to the past as a means of solving problems in modern society can sometimes be misleading. Thus, when studying history, men shouldn't expect past events to repeat themselves infallibly, nor should they try to predict the future merely on the basis of very fragmentary evidence, underestimating the genuinely radical changes in society over the years. E X E RC I S E 1: Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as: COLUMN A COLUMN B a) appear; have a place in something b) noticeably c) program of school lessons d) popular; with a high population e) correctly f) understand g) deciding logically (phrase) h) the same in important points i) method j) giving the wrong idea k) certainly I) only m) incomplete n) information that helps prove something o) undervalue p) extreme 252 • ELS EXERCISE 2: Choose the correct answer according to the passage. 1. The main use of studying history, expressed in the passage, is that A) it enables us to discover the reasons underlying present events B) people can get knowledge about their ancestors, from whom they descended C) decision makers can plan the future by taking past events as examples D) people can draw lessons from past events so as not to make the same mistakes E) it can help solve the problems of modern society 2. The writer warns that when applying to the past for the solution of present or future events A) one has to be careful to choose events in the past which are very similar to the present situation B) one should have a good knowledge of both past and present C) one has to pay special attention to whether the sample event is in the distant or the near past D) one shouldn't ignore the essential changes in society over the years E) the differences between the interpretations of various historians should be taken into consideration 3. According to the passage, there is an agreement in the community that A) the study of history should be given more importance in school syllabi B) history departments in universities are satisfactory in terms of number of students C) future events can't be predicted on the basis of very fragmentary historical information D) the events in our modern world can't be compared with those in the past E) a complete education can only be achieved by the study of history EXERCISE 3: Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1. 1. A number of events made us wonder if this could be more than just coincidence. 2. Such is the respect for Atatürk that there is now a statue of him situated in every town in Turkey. 3. I don't know why he's so angry. I asked him if I could help! 4. If you don't set the video-timer , we won't be able to record the programme. 5. According to the law of gravity, what is in the air must come to the ground. ELS • 253 HOW TO BRUSH YOUR TEETH Most of us feel quite satisfied with the amount of care we show to our teeth merely by brushing them frequently enough. However, we don't realize the damage we give to our teeth if we don't know the proper way of brushing. Experts state that the way we brush our teeth has a great influence on our dental health. In Finland, for instance, the Academy of General Dentistry has warned against wielding your toothbrush in what it called the "death-grip" - that is, clenching the brush in the palm and scrubbing your teeth vigorously. Such overzealous cleaning can cause the gums to recede and damage the exposed roots of the teeth. Researchers in Finland studied one brushing technique that can help you exert less pressure: grip the brush as you would a pen - between your thumb and first two fingers. Done correctly, this method can cause less damage to the gums and clean as effectively as the standard grip. Select a brush with soft bristles and use short, gentle, circular strokes. E X E RC I S E 1: Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as: COLUMN A COLUMN B a) right; correct b) hold and use (often like a tool or weapon) c) tightly hold as if to kill or threaten d) hold tightly with the hand firmly closed e) inside surface of the hand f) rub something hard to clean it g) strongly and energetically h) too much enthusiasm and energy i) pink flesh round the top and bottom of the mouth in which the teeth are fixed j) go back from original position k) uncovered and unprotected I) part of something which grows beneath the surface m) use power in an action n) hold firmly o) not hard; bends or changes shape easily p) short "hairs" attached to a brush q) round or curved r) regular and repeated movements 254 • ELS EXERCISE 2: Choose the correct answer according to the passage. 1. It's stated in the passage that A) the standard grip is the most effective way of holding the brush B) teeth should be brushed regularly in order to prevent the gums from receding C) when the bristles of a toothbrush are too soft, they can't clean the teeth effectively D) when done too frequently, brushing may do harm to teeth E) you'll hurt the gums of your teeth if you scrub them strongly 2. It's advised, in the passage, that in order to obtain better results one should A) consult an expert for the proper way of tooth-brushing B) take great care of the teeth for complete well-being C) brush the teeth gently, moving the brush in circles D) not exaggerate the frequency of tooth-brushing E) hold the brush in the palm and move it slowly up and down, without pressing the teeth a lot 3. According to the results of the research carried out in Finland, A) holding the brush like a pen reduces the harm done to the gums B) most people are not aware of the proper way to brush their teeth C) people feel great happiness when their teeth are well-cared for D) people in general are quite careless about their teeth E) if you hold the brush between your thumb and first two fingers, you'll do no harm to your teeth EXERCISE 3: Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1. 1. This house is in a rather position and may be damaged easily if there are strong winds. 2. He says he isn't going bald, but his hair seems to be more every day. 3. He argued his opinion so that many people were forced to agree with him. 4. I don't think that watching television while we have guests is really the way to behave! 5. This bed is so that I fall asleep almost the second I lie down. ELS • 255 EXERCISE 2: Choose the correct answer according to the passage. 1. It doesn't date far back, according to the passage, that A) a fine thread was obtained by unwinding the cocoon of a silk-worm B) a Frenchman produced a silk-iike fibre C) man discovered certain natural organic materials from which they produced fine threads D) man began to produce fibres entirely artificially E) organic materials took the place of inorganic ones in the production of fibres 2. Synthetic fibres A) were first produced by the Chinese B) are produced from organic materials C) are growing in number almost every year D) have been given similar names E) are usually longer than natural fibres 3. According to the writer's statement, A) hardly anyone today seems too eager to use anything made from nylon B) synthetic fibres were much more popular when they were first produced than they are today C) nylon products are used in everyday life by almost everybody D) artificial materials are used more than natural ones E) people are unfamiliar with the names of many of the synthetic materials EXERCISE 3: Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1. 1. Make sure that you the electric cable properly before you use it. It's dangerous to leave it wrapped up like that. 2. I hate flowers. They always look so fake to me. 3. She has a great problem styling her hair because it's so 4. The list of countries whose native cultures are being gradually swallowed up by American cultural influence is 5. If you mix fruit with yoghurt and then freeze it, it's as delicious as ice cream and not nearly so fattening. ELS • 257 JAPANESE GARDENS No garden lover can fail to be fascinated by the gardens of Japan, so different from anything in the European tradition. The Japanese gardening ideal is not an arrangement of flowers and plants, formal or informal, but the creation of a miniature landscape in which the designer's view of nature is expressed in a small space and on a small scale. Art is hidden by art. Trees and bushes, rocks and ponds, little singing streams winding round tiny islands: all these refresh the spirit with their gentle naturalness, but they have all been carefully positioned by the landscape garden designer. Often a tea pavilion is a graceful part of the scene, and here the ancient Japanese tea ceremony may still be held. Traditionally, to view the moon from a tea pavilion will bring you a sense of peace and well-being, or even the ability to write poetry. Japanese gardens are full of ancient tradition and symbolic meaning, and many date back as far as AD 600. Streams run from east to west because east is the source of purity and west of impurity. Turtles symbolize long life, so a turtle-shaped rock is always popular. A pine tree twisted in the shape of a crane, a bird that mates for life, represents good luck and lasting companionship. The golden chrysanthemum, sacred symbol of the Imperial family, is cultivated in many shades and forms. The delicate blossom of the cherry tree symbolizes the speed with which life fades, while the cherry fruit stands for loyalty. And a cherry blossom party in the spring is a very lively occasion! E X E RC I S E 1: Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as: COLUMN A COLUMN B a) a very small version of something much bigger b) everything that can be seen when looking across an area, e.g. hills, trees, rivers, etc. c) to a small degree (phrase) d) move or go along with something that has curves and bends e) very small f) give energy back to g) small ornamental building h) pleasing and attractive; elegant i) health and happiness j) have existed since (phrase) k) cleanness; being without evil I) wind round and round m) not ending n) holy; respected o) take care of; grow p) different degree of a colour q) flowers on a tree before the fruit comes r) lose colour or strength s) represent; symbolize (phrasal verb) t) faithfulness 258 • ELS EXERCISE 2: Choose the correct answer according to the passage. 1. The main characteristic of the Japanese garden is that A) it is a small version of nature, reflecting the designer's views B) it is designed beside natural rivers, streams, or ponds C) it is regarded as a sacred place and treated accordingly D) it always contains exactly the same elements E) it is usually smaller than a European garden 2. Most of the things in a Japanese garden A) are casually positioned, out of the effort to make them seem natural B) are made up of certain kinds of flowers C) are natural rather than artificial D) symbolize something according to Japanese beliefs E) are arrangements of flowers made in a formal way 3. It's stated in the passage that A) keeping turtles - symbols of long life - in Japanese garden ponds is very popular B) in most Japanese gardens, you can see cranes, birds representing good luck C) there is usually a tea pavilion in the gardens of the Japanese poets D) the golden chrysanthemum is a flower which can be used only by the Imperial family E) Japanese gardens even contain artificial streams, ponds, and islands EXERCISE 3: Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1. 1. She really wants to be a ballet dancer, but I don't think she is enough. She dances more like an elephant! 2. The three colurs blue, white and red, in the French flag liberty, equality and fraternity. 3. There is nothing better than a cup of tea to you after a long day's work. 4. If the government were more concerned for our , they would do something about the air pollution in this city. 5. Have you got this sweater in a lighter ? This one is too dark for me. ELS • 259 THE TEMPLE OF BOROBODUR Somewhere in the centre of Java, close to a huge volcano that sometimes sends out clouds of smoke and fountains of red hot lava and molten rock, a group of experts from all over the world, helped by 700 Indonesian workers, are struggling to save one of the world's most beautiful art treasures: the ancient temple of Borobodur. The history of Borobodur begins many centuries ago at the end of the eighth and the beginning of the ninth century. During that time, over 10,000 labourers worked to create this huge mountain temple with its carved walls, its terraces, and its stupas. But not long after the temple was built, the civilization that built it left the area. For the next 700 years the temple was almost forgotten. Ash from the nearby mountain covered it and thick trees grew over it. It wasn't until 1814 that people became interested in the temple again. It was in that year that the British governor of Java ordered the army to clear away the jungle that covered the temple. For a couple of months the soldiers chopped and dug, carrying away the rubbish and revealing the beauty of the ancient temple once again. E X E R C I S E 1: Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as: COLUMN A COLUMN B a) liquid which is forced into the air, usually through holes b) having become liquid because of high temperature c) highly valued object d) building used for religious worship e) person who performs heavy, unskilled work f) cut into a design, usually wood or stone g) a large pile or dome of earth or other material built in memory of the Buddha or of a Buddhist saint h) powder that remains after burning something i) person who controls an area or colony j) cut down, usually with an axe k) cause to be visible or known 260 • ELS EXERCISE 2: Choose the correct answer according to the passage. 1. The recovery of the temple A) has been delayed due to the eruption of the nearby volcano B) would not be possible without the work of 700 Indonesians C) is being carried out by an international team of experts D) involved the digging out of some of the world's most beautiful art treasures E) has taken since 1814 to be completed 2. In 1814 A) it took the army two months to make the temple visible by clearing the jungle B) a new governor was appointed to the British colony of Java C) the British started to take an interest in Indonesian history D) Java became a colony of the British Empire E) the British governor instructed the Javanese people to clear the jungle 3. In the construction of the temple A) the walls were carved out of the mountain B) 700 years passed before it was finally completed C) many workers died because of the dangerous mountainous terrain D) work was constantly interrupted so that the Buddhist labourers could meditate E) more than ten thousand workers were involved EXERCISE 3: Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1. 1. Lifting up the mat in his cell the entrance to the tunnel he had dug to escape by. 2. My brother brought some beautiful wooden ornaments back from Jamaica with him. 3. The statue was made by pouring metal into a mould. 4. During the war in Iraq many irreplacable cultural were looted from the Baghdad museum. 5. I'm just going outside to some wood for the fire. ELS • 261 EX E R C I S E 1: Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as: COLUMN A COLUMN B a) something new, and often exciting , which requires effort and determination to succeed in b) be opposed to; come together violently (phrase) c) confusion; not knowing where one is in relation to other places d) experience; pass through e) indication (usually indirectly) f) related to the process of learning; showing knowledge g) a part of something which helps to make it complete 262 ELS CULTURE SHOCK Your long expectation has finally been realized: you are going to a university abroad. This new challenge and opportunity might soon collide with the reality of being in a new culture, something known as culture shock. Culture shock has been viewed as a psychological reaction or a generalized disorientation and trauma experienced by a person learning to cope with a new culture and circumstances. It is a normal and natural part of living in a foreign cultural environment. Culture shock doesn't mean that one is adjusting poorly - it means that one is undergoing a normal reaction. However, the way that one manages culture shock can have important implications for the success of one's adaptability to the new culture. The psychological reaction in coping with culture shock includes emotional and cognitive components, as well as the effects of social changes. These changes also result in a psychophysiological reaction to the experience of another culture. The changes caused by culture shock include fatigue, role stress and identity loss, excessive concern with cleanliness, and a fear of danger from food and water. EXERCISE 2: Choose the correct answer according to the passage. 1. When someone is exposed to a new culture A) he can find that the challenge is not as great as he believed B) it often does not live up to his expectations C) he becomes very homesick, especially for his favourite foods D) it isn't at all unusual to experience culture shock E) the necessary adjustment takes a long time 2. It is stated that A) if one doesn't adjust quickly to the new culture, one probably never will B) successful adjustment to the new culture depends on how one handles the culture shock C) culture shock is a sign that a person is not capable of adapting to life abroad D) culture shock may bring about social changes which are difficult to cope with E) people with psychological or emotional disorders are most likely to suffer from culture shock 3. One of the symptoms of culture shock is that A) one becomes unable to think logically B) your emotions start going from one extreme to another without warning C) people lose their appetites and so become undernourished D) one tends to start believing one is physically ill when one is not E) the person may be suspicious of what he eats and drinks EXERCISE 3: Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1. 1. When he was a child he a number of major operations to enable him to walk properly. 2. He enjoys dangerous sports, such as climbing and parachuting, because he sees them as more of a than other, safer activities. 3. The basic of any language course will be the four skills of reading, writing, speaking, and listening. 4. The loss of that firm's order has a number of serious for our company's future. 5. The medicine which the doctor prescribed was so strong that it left her with a strange feeling of ELS • 263 FIELDS OF PSYCHOLOGY Psychology comprises a number of different kinds of enterprises, so different that they may seem to have nothing in common. One psychologist is engaged in vocational guidance and spends his day talking to high school students, studying their academic records and their test scores and, from these, showing the student how to clarify his own ideas about his future training and occupation. Another spends his day studying delayed reactions in goldfish or the navigation system of bats. Other psychologists are assisting in the diagnosis of neurotic patients, doing research on the childhood experiences that contribute to neurosis, or taking part in combined research on the effects of tranquilizers. But all such disparate activities have this in common: the methods used all derive from the same fundamental training in the procedures and conceptions of academic psychology, and the worker is either putting those conceptions to practical use, or trying to improve on them - or both. E X E R CI S E 1: Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as: COLUMN A COLUMN B a) consist of; have as parts or members b) endeavour; venture [noun] c) be involved in d) help and advice about choosing one's profession (phrase) e) process by which one's position or direction is found; steering f) identification of what is wrong, especially of illnesses g) drug used to calm and lessen anxiety h) dissimilar; clearly different i) develop from; come from (phrase) j) idea 264 • ELS EXERCISE 2: Choose the correct answer according to the passage. 1. Although vastly different in their practices, A) vocational guidance psychologists have the same aim as those researching neuroses B) the results obtained from human and animal research show many similarities in psychological terms C) psychologists in all fields are essentially trained in the same way D) neurotic patients and those addicted to tranquilizers all had unstable childhoods E) all psychologists took up their occupation for the same reasons 2. It is stated that some psychologists A) deal with humans while others focus on animals B) work with doctors doing medical research into drugs C) are employed at high schools to study the students' performances D) use the results gained from animals to analyze human behavioral patterns E) disapprove of the fundamental training they received 3. The psychologist working in the field of vocational guidance A) has usually also trained as a teacher B) has nothing in common with other psychologists C) is responsible for students' future success or failure D) assists students in their career choice E) helps students to improve their test scores EXERCISE 3: Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1. 1. Before the rise of our present technology, the of a ship relied largely on the stars and the sun plus a few simple instruments. 2. Modern cultural studies courses generally several different subjects, ranging from literature to music to pop culture. 3. His of how to set up and run a business are entirely different from mine. 4. Their opinions on just about everything are so that it is amazing that they don't argue all the time. 5. She currently a project which aims to educate young people about the environment and how to protect it. ELS • 265 THE GINSENG PLANT A ginseng root, with its stocky middle and arm and leg-like appendages, is said to resemble the human form. According to the lore of traditional Chinese medicine, the greater the likeness, the more formidable its medicinal qualities. And for thousands of years Chinese from all walks of life have coveted the fleshy root. Emperors ruling from the confines of the Forbidden City made a point of supping the bitter herb each day to improve their intellectual abilities. Peasants in the countryside used it more judiciously, ingesting it to cure disease or give them a boost when energy levels ebbed. Today, the list of ailments and diseases apparently cured by ginseng reads like an index to a medical textbook. Few of the claims are supported by scientific proof, though. E X E R C I S E 1: Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as: COLUMN A COLUMN B a) short, strong and solid b) something attached to something larger c) knowledge or traditions, usually passed on from former times, or shared by certain people d) impressive because of its greatness e) occupations; backgrounds (phrase) f) strongly want for your own, especially when it belongs to someone else g) having a lot of the soft inner part, e.g. plant fibre or fat h) enclosed area i) drink in small amounts j) person who works on the land for very low wages, or who earns his living from a very small piece of land k) sensibly; with good judgement I) take in food m) something that increases the amount or level of something n) become weak or less 2 6 6 • E L S EXERCISE 2: Choose the correct answer according to the passage. 1. Despite lack of scientific evidence that it actually works A) the Emperors of China took ginseng daily B) the Chinese refuse to replace ginseng with any modern medicines C) intellectual abilities have been seen to improve with the regular use of ginseng D) ginseng is used in the treatment of a wide range of illnesses E) ginseng is accepted by many medical practitioners today 2. In traditional Chinese medicine, a medicinal plant A) is less effective the less it resembles the human shape B) can only be prescribed to Emperors C) must be taken each day in order to have any effect D) is best when it is thousands of years old E) is used more by peasants than people from other walks of life 3. In the writer's opinion, Chinese peasants A) did not have the intellectual abilities of the Emperors B) relied more heavily on ginseng than other Chinese people C) knew the most about which ailments could be cured by ginseng D) needed higher energy levels than people in other walks of life E) were more sensible in their use of ginseng than the Emperors EXERCISE 3: Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1. 1. Investment from foreign governments has given a real to the economy. 2. He is surprisingly agile for such a/an man. 3. One of the great things about going to university is that you get the opportunity to meet people from all 4. What is said today should be limited to the of this office, and not repeated around the factory. 5. When I looked at his application form, I realized that he had such a/an list of qualifications that the position on offer would be beneath him. ELS 267 THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE English serves as a functional alternative language in several areas of public activity for the many nations of the world which use it as an international second language. Because of its widespread use geographically, and because of the large number of people who speak it, it has been adopted as the language of aviation and air traffic. English has continued as one of the important languages of commerce, as the sphere of political and economic influence of the English-speaking nations has extended far beyond their own boundaries. The use of English in international diplomacy is strengthened by its acceptance as one of the official languages of the United Nations. And as a final example, English is the language of the majority of published materials in the world, so that education, especially specialized higher education, has come to rely very heavily on an understanding of English. In no sense does English replace the cultural heritage and emotional ties of the first language, but for many speakers throughout the world, it provides a means of communicating with people of similar training and interests who would otherwise not be able to comprehend them. E X E R C I S E 1: Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as: COLUMN A COLUMN B a) serving a useful purpose b) choose or take up something as one's own c) the design, development, production, operation, and use of aircraft d) the exchange, by buying and selling, of goods; business e) the field or activity in which someone operates, works, or takes interest f) made very particular and specific, as a job or field or study g) customs and traditions considered as a whole and as coming from one's ancestors h) connection i) a way or method enabling one to do something (phrase) j) understand (completely) 268 E L S EXERCISE 2: Choose the correct answer according to the passage. 1. It is stated in the passage that English A) is a second language used by all nations B) has enabled England to spread its influence beyond its borders C) is spoken by the majority of people in the world D) is the only language used in specialized higher education E) is not exclusively spoken at the United Nations 2. According to the passage, English as a second language A) has increased its influence around the world due to its use in aviation B) has strengthened its grip on international diplomacy C) does not take the place of the mother tongue either culturally or emotionally D) is most important in the world of commerce E) is more important than a person's first language 3. We can infer from the passage that A) English will soon be spoken by everyone in the world B) many educational books and textbooks are written in English C) England's political influence is constantly increasing D) there would be no international diplomacy without English E) people around the world would not have such similar interests without English EXERCISE 3: Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1. 1. I'm sure his becoming so friendly with the boss's son is just getting himself noticed for promotion. 2. My brother brought a kind of miniature violin back from Kenya, but it's more ornamental than it is , because it doesn't actually make any sound at all. 3. Much as she would like to work overseas, she has such strong family that I don't think she could cope with being away for so long. 4. Although he works in the textiles industry, he doesn't actually work with textiles. Rather, his Yüklə 3,23 Mb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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