particular good quality or skill
I) very great in amount or strength
m) very well indeed; excellently
n) performed without making any mistakes
o) something remarkable that has been done or
achieved
p) the person that receives something
400 • ELS
E XE RC IS E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. It is clear from the passage that until 1975
A)
Pele had played for several North American teams
B) Pele had already earned about 7 million dollars
C) no other sportsman had been paid as much as Pele
D) soccer was the most popular sport in North America
E) Pele had already composed a few musical pieces
2. According to the passage, Pele
A)
last played for Santos Football Club in 1977
B) had had a privileged childhood
C) scored exactly 1000 goals in his career
D) preferred to lead a tranquil life upon his retirement
E) first played for Santos Football Club at the age of sixteen
3. We understand from the passage that Pele
A)
was as good an actor as he was a soccer player
B) was highly regarded internationally
C) performed best in his homeland of Brazil
D) was never satisfied with how much money he was paid
E) returned to his career in order to obtain a huge sum of money
E XE R CI S E 3:
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
1.
The former pop star made his acting
in a mid-week drama called
"Eastenders" and soon became a popular actor.
2. The notoriously badly-behaved snooker champion Alex Higgins had the
"Hurricane Higgins".
3.
Rather than buy a small car, which wouldn't have been very comfortable, or spending a lot of
money on a large luxury model, we bought a/an
family, four-door
sedan.
4. The ex-US President Jimmy Carter was the
of the 2002 Nobel Peace
Prize.
5. An African-American female born into poverty in the South, Oprah Winfrey's extraordinary
as the most successful woman in entertainment in America are
amazing by any standards.
ELS
401
GRAND CANYON
Nature's greatest example of sculpture, the Grand Canyon in northern Arizona is
the most spectacular canyon in the world. It is a 446-kilometre gorge cut through high
plateaus by the Colorado River. It is noted for its fantastic shapes and colours. Within the
walls of the canyon stand imposing peaks, canyons and ravines. In general, the colour of
the canyon is red, but each layer or group of layers has a distinctive hue - buff and gray,
delicate green and pink, and, in its depths, brown, slate-gray and violet. The canyon
extends in a winding course from the mouth of the Paria River, near the northern
boundary of Arizona, to Grand Wash Cliffs, near the Nevada line. Grand Canyon National
Park, which has 493,076 hectares, was established in 1919. Its area was greatly
enlarged in 1975 by the addition of adjoining lands so that it now extends from Lake
Powell to Lake Mead. The north and south rims of the canyon are connected by a paved
road and by a trans-canyon trail. Scenic drives and trails lead to all the canyon's
important features. Mule trips are a popular way of viewing and experiencing the beauty
of the vast canyon, as is river rafting on the Colorado River, which can be quite exciting
and dangerous as the gorge has many rapids. Many cliff-dweller ruins indicate prehistoric
occupation, while several Indian tribes continue to live on nearby reservations. No other
place on the Earth compares with the mile-deep Grand Canyon for its record of
geological events. Some of the canyon's rocks date back about 4 billion years. The
river's speed and such "cutting tools" as sand, gravel and mud account for its incredible
cutting capacity. The canyon has many varieties of wildlife. Willow trees and cottonwoods
grow at the bottom of the canyon where there is plenty of water. There are magnificent
forests on the north rim of the canyon where the soil is moist and deep. There are also
drought-resistant plants, including numerous species of cactus. The first sighting of the
Grand Canyon by Europeans is credited to the Coronado expedition of 1540. In 1869,
John Wesley Powell organized the first party to go through the canyon. His account
remains a classic of American travel. By the 1870s, extensive reports on the area were
being published.
E X E R C IS E 1:
Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
a)
extremely attractive; breathtaking
b) making a strong impression because of size,
character, or appearance
c) different from other things of the same kind
d) a particular shade of a colour
e) continue for the length of space or time
mentioned
f) being next to
g) the outside or top edge of a place
h) (of paths and roads) laid with flat stones or
bricks
i) a path through rough country
j) an animal, the sterile offspring of a female
horse and a male donkey
k) immense; extensive
I) a part of a river where a steep slope causes
the water to flow fast and usually wildly
(plural)
m) be better than
(phrasal verb)
n) slightly wet; damp
o) able to survive without water for a long time
402
ELS
EX E R CI S E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. It is clear that in the opinion of the author, the Grand Canyon
A)
is the only red canyon in the world
B) is the longest river gorge in the world
C) has many more rapids than any other canyon anywhere in the world
D) has enlarged immensely since 1975
E) is more breathtaking than all the other canyons in the world
2. The passage informs us that the Grand Canyon area
A)
can be explored in a number of ways
B) is no longer home to any American Indians
C) is barren and devoid of most types of wildlife
D) was discovered in 1870 by John Wesley
E) was not inhabited until recently
3. The author notes that the Grand Canyon is famous for
A)
its wonderful geologic features and shades of colour
B) being so amazingly straight for its entire length
C) several rare species of animals and plants thriving in the area
D) the height of the surrounding peaks
E) being the site of the first specially-created national park
EX E RC I S E 3:
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
1.
Fairly large communities of settled Gypsies are found in Spain, where their
music and vocal styles add considerable colour to the entertainment
scene.
2. At some points during our journey along the River Amazon, the
were
so fierce that we had to carry our canoes overland until the river was navigable again.
3.
He is so above his age that none of the students in his class
him in
terms of intelligence and maturity.
4. The Niagara Falls form a/an
sight as one approaches them. They are
so wide and the sheer power of the water as it cascades over the falls is very impressive.
5.
It is a pretty little town house, painted pink and with an attractive garden. Although physically
the same as the
two houses, it looks much more homely and inviting.
ELS • 403
FESTIVAL IN ZIMBABWE
In the Zimbabwean capital, the annual Harare International Festival of the Arts
ended on Sunday after a somewhat controversial week-long run. The festival ended with
a fireworks display after the London Community Gospel choir gave the final performance,
delivering a message of hope.
There are some Zimbabweans who feel, because of the economic and political
crisis, the festival should not have been held this year. Some say holding the festival
sends a message that things are normal in Zimbabwe. They even launched a mail
campaign to make their point.
But the festival's founder and director, London-based Zimbabwean concert pianist
Manuel Bagorro, argues that Zimbabwe needs the festival now more than at any other
time. "I believe that this is absolutely the most important time to do something of this
nature," said Mr Bagorro. "I think that any initiative that nurtures any section of our
community is incredibly important at this time when people are so desperate. My decision
to keep the festival right in the centre of the city, despite concerns about security, and
concerns about petty crime and so on, is some effort on behalf of the festival to
acknowledge the reality of the situation.
"Yes, it is true you walk out of the gates of the festival and are confronted with the
destitution of many, many Zimbabweans," he continued. "However, it seems to me that to
cancel a festival like this achieves nothing."
Despite the controversy, thousands of people who could afford the modestly priced
tickets and had the fuel to go to the city centre attended the festival.
Zimbabwe's difficult problems include an 80% unemployment rate, shortages of
basic commodities, and a political crisis that is splitting the nation. But for the last week,
the Harare International Festival of the Arts provided, at least, some distraction.
EX E R CI S E 1:
Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
a)
a bit; in some degree
b) concerning a dispute regarding something on
which opinions differ
c) beginning or introductory step
d) support and encourage
e) extremely
f) almost hopeless; suffering or driven by great need
or distress
'.
g) of little worth or importance; insignificant
h) and continuing similarly; and other similar things
{phrase)
i) with respect to; taking the part of someone or
something
(phrase)
j) admit the truth or fact of
k) come face to face with
{phrase)
I) extreme poverty
m) not expensive
{phrase)
n) material, often liquid in form, used to produce
energy
o) thing people buy
p) separate into different groups of people, especially
in disagreement
q) something that serves as a diversion or
entertainment
404 • ELS
•
•
•
;
•
•
.
•
.
E XE RC I S E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. According to the passage, some Zimbabweans believed it was inappropriate to go ahead
with the festival because
A)
it didn't provide many jobs for people living in Zimbabwe
B) the organizer lived in London and not in his native Zimbabwe
C) the country was in a state of economic and political emergency
D) the performers could become victims of crime
E) nobody would be able to attend due to the fuel crisis in the country
2. It is clear that those against going ahead with the festival
A)
actively communicated their view to the public
B) staged large demonstrations in the centre of Harare
C) included the London Community Gospel choir
D) were afraid of accidents resulting from the fireworks display
E) were successful in stopping it
3. It is clear that Manuel Bagorro believed that staging the festival was important because
A)
it would have been costly to cancel the festival
B) it promoted positive feelings when there seemed little or no hope
C) the fears of crime in the city were greatly exaggerated
D) it provided much needed employment for Zimbabweans
E) it made it seem that everything was fine in Zimbabwe
EX E RC I S E 3:
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
1.
The chairman thanked the co-ordinator
the whole committee for all her
work on the project.
2.
Most heroin addicts live chaotic lives involving crime, family break-ups, homelessness,
3.
I enjoyed the film even though the ending was
predictable and
sentimental.
4. The well-respected politician and Minister for International Development, Clare Short
resigned from the government over the Prime Minister's
plans
regarding Iraq, which she and many others in the government didn't agree with.
5. When one particular crop, such as sugar or coffee, makes up too high a proportion of a
country's economy, then the country becomes too dependent on the price of that
on the world market.
ELS • 405
THE ENVIRONMENTAL COSTS OF WAR
A quarter century of conflict and war has rendered Afghanistan one of the most
environmentally damaged nations on the Earth, and now, Afghanistan's
environmental degradation is considered a stumbling block to its development.
"Our evergreen forests have been diminished in the last twenty-five years by 40-
50%, or in some places 60%. Our pistachio forests in Badghis and Takhar in the
north are gone, or at least 90 % of them are lost," says Yusuf Nuristani, Afghanistan's
minister of irrigation, water resources and environment.
A recent report by the United Nations Environment Program warns that
Afghanistan faces a future without forests, clean water, wildlife or unpolluted air if
current trends are not reversed. The report says Afghanistan's environmental
damage is a "major stumbling block" to reconstruction and development. It is not
only Afghanistan's forests that are disappearing though. Five years of drought and
the destruction of a centuries-old canal network have left many Afghans without
clean drinking water or water for irrigation. The UN report says even the good news,
such as the return of more than one million refugees to Afghanistan last year, has
hurt the environment, choking major cities with exhaust fumes and overloading the
sewer systems.
Mr Nuristani says a quarter century of war has left his country environmentally
devastated. "Right now, we are in a mess. The drought, the war, the neglect and the
low level of understanding among the people about the environment have caused all
these problems. So we have to intervene right now in whatever way we can," he
said.
E X E RC I S E 1:
Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
a)
cause to become
b) the state of being reduced in strength, quality
or intensity; changing to a lower state
c) obstacle; hindrance
(phrase)
d) (of trees) having leaves throughout the year
e) be made smaller, lessened or reduced
f) the supplying of water to land by means of
artificial canals, ditches, etc.
g) large or great in extent, number or quantity
h) a person who has fled their country because of
some danger or problem, especially political
persecution
i) fill up with smoke or fumes thus preventing
clean air from being breathed
j) vapour, gas or smoke, especially if irritating,
harmful or strong
k) fill to excess so that function is impaired;
overburden
I) a channel or pipe, especially underground, for
carrying drainage and sewage
m) habitual lack of attention or care
n) take a determined, active and firm role in
something, especially in order to correct or
settle something
4 0 6
•
ELS
EX E RC I S E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. According to the passage, damage to Afghanistan's natural environment
A)
will have a minor impact compared to other factors
B) can be easily corrected
C) has been entirely caused by returning refugees
D) will hinder future progress
E) and how to protect it are fully understood by the population
2. The author states that, as a result of environmental destruction
A)
the irrigation canals are presently being fully rebuilt
B) about a quarter of Afghanistan's evergreen forests have been destroyed
C) there are no forests left in Afghanistan
D) less than ten percent of Afghanistan's pistachio forests in the north are left intact
E) one million Afghan refugees have been unable to return to their homes
3. Mr Nuristani believes that people's ignorance
A)
is due mainly to a quarter of a century of unceasing war
B) makes it difficult for him to carry out his recovery program
C) is one of the reasons for the environmental damage in Afghanistan
D) can only be overcome by providing them with sufficient education
E) turns life in Afghan cities into a mess
EX ER CI S E 3:
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
1.
In autumn the fallen leaves blocked up the
and caused the waste
water to spill all over the streets.
2. Since the introduction of extended practical education and modern apprenticeships,
unemployment among young people has been
in the UK.
3. Whenever a war breaks out innocent people are forced as
to escape
to other countries.
4. Our electrical wiring is very old and we can't put the washing machine, oven and television
on at the same time; otherwise, our system
and fails.
5. Although most businessmen and economists agree that adopting the Euro would be
advantageous for Britain, public opinion could be a/an
to its
introduction, as a lot of people feel quite passionate about keeping the British pound.
ELS • 407
AQUACULTURE
The growing of plants and animals on land for food and other products is
agriculture. Raising animals and plants in the water is aquaculture. Practised since
ancient times in many parts of the world, aquaculture embraces such diverse
activities as the Chinese tradition of growing carp in ponds, the harvesting and
processing of seaweed in Iceland and the artificial culture of pearls - a Japanese
invention. Aquaculture can take place in still water or running water, fresh water or
salt water. The practice of aquaculture has been growing rapidly. Experts have
projected a five-fold increase in harvests during the final quarter of the 20th century.
In the 1970s, Asia accounted for approximately 85% of world production in the field.
Aquaculture is regarded as one possible solution to the world's food supply
problems. The quantity of tillable land is limited and shrinking everywhere. But two
thirds of the globe is covered with water, and the supply of food animals and plants
that may be grown there is almost limitless. In contrast to agriculture, which is
practised on the land's surface only, aquaculture is three-dimensional. Within the
same vertical region, several different crops can be grown at once - near the water
surface, on the bottom, and in the area between. Multiple cropping of this kind,
called polyculture, represents an efficient use of labour, materials and energy.
Moreover, aquaculture is less affected by climatic change - droughts, floods, and
extremes of heat and cold - than is agriculture.
E X ER C I S E 1:
Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
a)
include
b) different
c) the gathering of a crop when it is ripe
d) changing an agricultural product into
recognizable food
e) not natural; produced by man
f) the growing of plants or rare animals in a
specially prepared environment
g) not moving; motionless; stationary
h) predict; estimate from known values
i) five times as many or as much
j) make up; constitute; form
(phrasal verb)
k) roughly; around this number
I) a certain amount
m) (of land) that can be worked for the growing of
crops
n) become smaller
o) extending in an upright direction
p) having or involving more than one part
4 0 8
E L S
E XE RCI S E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. It is clear from the passage that aquaculture
A)
is most suitable for culturing pearls
B) is not a newly-found application
C) has been invented only recently
D) is currently being practised in very few regions
E) is most advanced in Japan
2. The author of the passage introduces aquaculture as
A)
being five times more productive than agriculture in a given area
B) being limited to running fresh water
C) a complex method not suitable to be practised everywhere
D) a method that will, in time, eliminate agriculture
E) an alternative to meet the food supply needs of the world's population
3. From the details given in the passage, it is clear that polyculture
A)
requires the use of a lot of labour
B) excludes the processing of seaweed in Iceland
C) allows the production of several crops in the same area vertically
D) is not possible in aquaculture
E) has not yet been tested anywhere in the world
E X E R CI S E 3:
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
1.
Although Lake Chad is the fourth largest lake in Africa, it is very shallow, reaching a
maximum depth of seven metres. The area of the lake
at hotter times
of the year and some scientists think that one year it might disappear altogether.
2. Women
three-quarters of all North Korean refugees in China.
3. Medical experts
that AIDS will have reduced life expectancy to thirty-
nine in Ethiopia and to thirty-seven in Swaziland by the year 2010.
4.
During the Industrial Revolution, glass workers in Birmingham, England, were given two
weeks' holiday at the end of August. Far from taking a break, many poor families travelled to
the countryside to help with
the fruit.
5.
Geology
the sciences of mineralogy, morphology and sedimentology.
ELS
•
409
MAGNIFICENT MALLS
According to the
Guinness Book of World Records,
the West Edmonton Mall,
Canada, which encloses 5.2 million square feet on a 46-hectare site, is by far the
largest in the world. The Mall of America, which opened in the early 1990s, the
largest such center in the United States, is twice the size of its predecessor, the Del
Amo Fashion Center in Torrance, California. Designed as a regional entertainment
center, this mall, which is designed around a theme park, Knott's Berry Camp
Snoopy, is still a million square feet smaller than the West Edmonton Mall. The West
Edmonton Mall has more than 800 stores, including 11 department stores, and more
than 100 restaurants and snack bars. Its other attractions include an 18-hole
miniature golf course; an indoor water park with beaches and a wave-making
machine for surfing; a dolphin water show; one of the world's longest water slides;
submarines for underwater rides; a regulation-sized hockey rink; a nightclub area
fashioned after Bourbon Street in New Orleans; cinemas; Canada Fantasyland, an
amusement park with nearly 50 rides; a zoo; art exhibits; and a 360-room hotel.
E X ER CI S E 1:
Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
a)
impressive; superb
b) a shopping center; a collection of different
shops under one roof
c) surround with a wall, fence, etc.
d) a leisure area based around a single idea, e.g.,
Disneyland
(phrase)
e) a large shop divided into sections which sell
different types of goods
(phrase)
f) a place which sells light meals and drinks
(phrase)
g) something which people are interested in and
which they like to visit
h) a very small version of something that is
normally much bigger
i) a piece of leisure equipment that one sits on,
and then slips smoothly down
j) large enough, according to the rules; large
enough to be used professionally
k) a specially prepared indoor surface on which
people skate
I) designed in a similar way to
(phrasal verb)
m) a leisure area offering various activities
(phrase)
n) a public show of objects
410 ELS
EX ER C IS E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. The West Edmonton Mall
A)
is nearly fifty percent larger than the Mall of America
B) is the world's largest entertainment and shopping center
C) is the largest commercial building in the world
D) is largely open land with some covered areas
E) is only half as big as the Del Amo Fashion Center
2. The Mall of America
A)
is about half the size of the Del Amo Fashion Center
B) used to be an entertainment center rather than a shopping center
C) allows shoppers to combine shopping with entertainment
D) is smaller than Knott's Berry Camp Snoopy
E) is the third largest shopping center in the United States
3. Visitors to the West Edmonton Mall can
A)
ride on fifty different types of animals
B) ride on by far the best water slide in the world
C) complete the last phase of their journey there by submarine
D) find accommodation for the night
E) go to the beach and sunbathe
EX E R CI S E 3:
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
1.
John's tenth birthday cake was fantastic. His mother had decorated it as a football pitch,
complete with
players and referee. I don't know where she managed to
buy the little figures.
2.
I think the best
at the British Museum are in the Egyptian section.
There is a fascinating display of mummies and other things from ancient Egypt.
3. The Eiffel Tower is Paris's number one tourist
Every year millions of
people go to see it.
4. The best thing about a/an
is being able to find a large variety of goods
in a single shop - they sell everything from sporting equipment and clothes to home
furnishings.
5. After a long day at the beach, we were quite hungry, but we didn't want to eat too much and
spoil our dinner, so we just stopped at a/an
on the way home and
picked up some sandwiches and a couple of Cokes.
ELS 411
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