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MERICAN Journal of Public Diplomacy and International Studies
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dimensional, because the addressee, contemplating the picture, perceives the message as a 
whole. Usually in a literary text, a reference to a non-verbal pretext is realized in the form of 
proper names, "which are characterized by the fullness of the lexical meaning - referential, 
denotative and connotative."
The characteristics of precedent texts include: textbook and well-known; emotional and 
cognitive value; reinterpretability, i.e. their multiple interpretation in various types of texts 
created by different generations. The set of precedent texts gradually changes in the course of 
historical development. For example, in the middle Ages, the universal pretext, to which all texts 
referred in one way or another, was the Bible. Currently, there is no single universal pretext. 
According to Yu.E. Prokhorov, precedent phenomena should be correlated with the levels of 
consciousness of a linguistic personality. With such differentiation, four levels of precedence of 
texts are distinguished. The first level of precedence corresponds to the linguistic personality as 
an individual "with his own consciousness, memory capacity, and lexicon". The second level of 
precedence denotes the belonging of a linguistic personality to a particular community (family, 
confessional, professional, etc.). 
The linguistic personality of this level has "common knowledge, ideas, value orientations and 
means of their somatization with other members of this society." The third level of precedence 
testifies to the formation of a linguistic personality as a member of a certain national-cultural 
community, “who owns a certain set of “cultural objects” and their symbols common to all 
included in this community” 
The fourth level of precedence is a linguistic personality as a representative of the human race, 
"possessing common knowledge and ideas for all people". In accordance with the levels of 
consciousness of a linguistic personality, four levels of precedence are distinguished: auto-
precedent, social-precedent, national-precedent and universal-precedent levels.
Auto precedent phenomena "represent in the individual's consciousness some phenomena of the 
surrounding world that have a special cognitive, emotional, axiological significance for a given 
person, associated with special individual ideas included in unique associative series." Socium-
precedent phenomena as defined by Prokhorov Yu.E. “are known to any average representative 
of this or that society and are included in the collective cognitive space”, for example, the text of 
the Gospel is a social precedent phenomenon for a Christian. National-precedent phenomena "are 
known to any average representative of this or that LCS and are included in the cognitive base of 
this community" (LCS = linguacultural community). Universal precedent phenomena are known 
to any modern full-fledged homo sapiens and are included in the universal cognitive space of 
humanity" [Prokhorov, 2004, p. 148]. A literary or textual allusion is an excerpt from the pre-
text without attribution to the author. Unlike a quotation, an allusion is a selective and 
incomplete borrowing of elements of the previous text; the remaining elements of the pretext, 
and often the entire text, are present in the new text at an implicit level. 
References to precedent texts can be very diverse: allusion, quotation, reminiscence, application, 
etc. It is difficult to distinguish between these concepts, and therefore the problem of 
determining the boundaries of these concepts is relevant for modern linguistics. According to 
Heineman, references to precedent texts can be of the following types: quotations, allusions, 
paraphrases, text collage, parodies, and travesty. Fateyeva N.A. considers allusion and quotation 
to be equivalent types of references. 
So, an allusion is a reference to some precedent text, which can be of the following types: 1) 
verbal 2) non-verbal). There are four levels of precedence of texts based on the level of 
consciousness of an individual: auto-precedent, social-precedent, national-precedent and 
universal-precedent levels. Allusive references to precedent texts are studied mainly with the 
help of literary and semiotic approaches. There are two main ways of referring to precedent texts 
- allusion and quotation, but there are no clear boundaries between them today. There is an 
opinion that allusion is a generic concept for all types of references to precedent texts. 

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