repeat the purchase with the same provider” [Kienzler 2008, p. 116].
tomer behaviors.
over, is resistant to the activities performed by competitive entities” [Griffin
In accordance with the presented definitions, loyalty can have either an emotional
87
MULTIDIMENSIONALITY AND DETERMINANTS OF CONSUMER...
1997, p. 31; Stum, Thirty 1991, pp. 34–36]. Similarly, in their definition of
loyalty, K. Storbacka and J. R. Lehtinen emphasize aspects related to both
behavior and emotions which influence consumers in their purchasing pro-
cess. In the opinion of these authors, loyalty means “the share of an enter-
prise in a consumer’s wallet, mind, and heart” [Storbacka, Lehtinen 2001,
pp. 34–53].
In spite of the publication of the important above-mentioned studies
discussing the essence of loyalty, researchers are still seeking the universal
definition of loyalty [Dick, Basu 1999, pp. 99–113; Jacoby, Chestnut 1978;
Oliver 1993, pp. 418–30]. According to M. D. Uncles, G. D. Dowling, and
K. Hammond [Uncles et al. 2003, pp. 294–317] there are three popular ap-
proaches to loyalty: loyalty as an attitude only, loyalty as a behavior only,
and loyalty as an attitude and behavior simultaneously.
Similarly, the concept of consumer loyalty referring to tourist enter-
prises should be defined in a broader perspective. The combination of affec-
tive and behavioral presentations, and therefore loyalty, perceived both as
an attitude and behavior, is understood as a consumer’s attachment to the
type of purchased tourist offers and places of their selling/booking, whereas
a particular behavior, manifested in making repetitive purchases and prop-
agating opinions about a particular company or tourist brand, results from
a consumer’s attitude and intention to purchase tourist services (Table 1).
Paraphrasing R. L. Oliver’s definition [cf. Oliver 1999, pp. 34-35] refer-
ring to both an attitude and behavior, the loyalty of consumers of tourist
enterprises can be characterized as the deeply rooted belief presented by
a consumer to make the repetitive purchase of tourist offers or an ongoing
condescending approach to the preferred categories of tourist offers, which
results in repurchasing a particular brand or item offered by a tourist en-
terprise, executed despite the marketing efforts and situational impacts of
the competition, which could theoretically result in changing the behavior
of a consumer of tourist services [Michalska-Dudek 2013, p. 200].
“While attempting to create the universal definition of loyalty—regard-
less of various market contexts’ specificity—the researchers came up with
numerous different concepts, which made them unadjusted to the specific
nature of services” [cf. Siemieniako 2012, pp. 8–14].
It must be observed that the characteristics of the service market
2
dis-
tinguish it from typical material goods, and that the specific characteristics
of tourist services
3
imply particular activities, also in terms of approaching
2
These components of services are namely intangibility, inconsistency, indivisibility, and
impermanence [more in Pluta-Olearnik 1994, p. 23; Mudie, Cottam 1998, p. 21].
3
The following are listed among the characteristics of tourist services: they are rendered
for both individual and collective consumption; they meet different needs of tourists compared
to the ones provided in their permanent places of residence; they can take the form of single
provisions referring to objects or people (e.g., renting a hotel room or car) or cover a whole set
of services (a package, e.g., accommodation and meals, or an entire tourist event); they are
mutually dependent and remain in a complementary relationship with tourist advantages; the
demand for them is diverse in terms of time, space, and type; they play important social func-
88
IZABELA MICHALSKA-DUDEK
tions since they ensure leisure and represent a form of managing one’s free time; their con-
sumption is always a single act, even if an identical package is used in the same place and time;
their form is always different, and for this reason it is not known whether it can be replicated
in the future; a tourist product purchase is often based on an image or idea, not exactly on the
product itself, but on a place of temporary residence and the seasonality of tourist services;
the significant differentiation of their provision volume within a year results on the one hand
from the periodical nature of free time spent on taking advantage of tourist services, and on
the other from the specific “seasonality” of many basic tourist attractions; a tourist product is
impermanent; its consumption has to be performed in a particular place and time; a client has
to move to the place of a tourist product; it cannot be stored, even though its provision can be
booked; tourist services are frequently characterized by high fixed costs and relatively low var-
iable costs; a tourist product’s characteristics (assessment) are established based on the direct
contact between its provider and a client [Panasiuk 2005, p. 78].
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