3
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Metabolic programming
3. Effect of maternal diet before and during pregnancy on the life-‐long health of the child
3.1 Weight gain during pregnancy
3.2 Insufficient intake of omega fatty acids during pregnancy
3.3 Obesity with deficiency of multiple micronutrients
3.4 Iron deficiency
3.5 Folate and other B vitamins
3.6 Vitamin D
3.7 Deficiency of multiple micronutrients
4. Nutrition and physical activity policies for preventing the increase in noncommunicable
diseases in
Latvia
4.1 Patient awareness
4.2 Physical activity
5. Nutrition during pregnancy
5.1 Weight gain
5.2 Proteins
5.3 Carbohydrates
5.4 Fats
5.5 Fibre
5.6 Vitamins and minerals
5.6.1 Folic acid
5.6.2 Vitamin D
5.6.3 Iodine
5.6.4 Iron
5.6.5 Calcium
5.6.6 Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)
5.6.7 Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin)
5.6.8 Choline
5.6.9 Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
5.6.10 Vitamin A
5.6.11 Vitamin E (tocopherol)
5.6.12 Vitamin K
5.6.13 Copper
5.6.14 Magnesium
5.6.15 Sodium
5.6.16 Zinc
5.7 Water
5.8 Caffeine
5.9 Alcohol
6. Balanced nutrition during pregnancy
7. Unhealthy and potentially dangerous substances in the diet during pregnancy
8. Safe nutrition
9. Vitamins, minerals and other food supplements during pregnancy
10. Summary of recommendations
11. Bibliography