New J. Phys. 23 (2021) 085001
C F Nielsen
et al
summing the appropriately weighted contributions. Even at the comparatively low values of the strong-field
parameter, a significant suppression of the radiation yield compared to the classically calculated value
resulted. A few years later, the ‘Belkacem peak’ was discovered [
17
] by sending 150 GeV electrons through a
thin axial aligned Ge crystal resulting in an enhancement of radiation yield sharply peaked at photon
energies of about 85% of the electron energy. The experiment showed an enhancement, the increase of the
crystalline case compared to an otherwise equivalent amorphous material, of about 8 for the full beam
which had an angular divergence of
30
μrad. In a later measurement, where the angle of incidence was
restricted to less than 9
μrad to the axis, the enhancement was shown to be as high as 60 [
18
]. Furthermore,
the enhancement based on the constant-field approximation (CFA) is in very good agreement with the data
[
19
]. The ‘Belkacem peak’, initially hoped to be a sign of new physics, was later shown to be a result of
pile-up of multiple photon emission [
20
].
A few years after the first confirmation, pair production in strong fields was again addressed by
measuring the enhanced pair production yield for photons incident along the
110
axis of a 1.4 mm Ge
crystal cooled to 100 K [
21
,
22
]. A CFA calculation added to the Bethe–Heitler value for the amorphous
contribution was shown to fit the data very well and gave compelling evidence for the physical
interpretation as a strong-field effect.
More recent studies of strong-field physics in aligned crystal include: (1) pair production [
23
], where the
initially exponentially suppressed coherent contribution becomes dominant as the strong-field regime is
entered, (2) the significance of the electron spin, and its associated spin-flip transition in a strong field, in
the interpretation of the radiation spectra has been revealed [
24
], (3) quantum suppression of synchrotron
radiation [
25
] showing the need to correct classical synchrotron radiation formulas once the fields
encountered become sufficiently intense, (4) the observation of trident events being enhanced by strong
fields [
26
] and (5) the significance of the radiation reaction phenomenon to describe properly the radiation
spectra from electrons in crystals [
1
], which is the main subject of the present paper. It is worth mentioning
that a proposal, based on polarization-sensitive detection in crystalline targets [
27
], has been published as a
viable method to quantify strong-field birefringence.
An introduction to strong-field effects in crystals can be found in these two references [
28
,
29
].
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