New J. Phys. 23 (2021) 085001
C F Nielsen
et al
The ratio of damping force to external force is given by the classical parameter
η expressible as
η =
αγ
2
E/E
0
=
αγχ
,
(3)
where
α =
e
2
/
1
/137 is the fine-structure constant. For experimental investigations approaching the
classical regime, i.e. for
χ
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