Paper • open access

Table 2
. Mix proportion of the materials 
S/NO 
Mix ID 
Materials (gm)
PC 
 
RHA 
 
CCW 
 
MK 
Group 1a 
100 % PC 
300 
- 
- 
- 
Group 1b, BM 
95PC- 5MK 
285 
- 
- 
15 
90PC- 10MK 
270 
- 
- 
30 
80PC- 20MK 
240 
- 
- 
60 
Group 2, BM 
95PC- 5RHA 
285 
15 
- 
- 
90PC- 10RHA 
270 
30 
- 
- 
80PC- 20RHA 
240 
60 
- 
- 
Group 3, BM 
95PC- 5CCW 
285 
- 
15 
- 
90PC- 10CCW 
270 
- 
30 
- 
80PC- 20CCW 
240 
- 
60 
- 
Group 4, TM 
95PC- 5CCW-5MK 
285 
- 
15 
15 
90PC- 10CCW-10MK 
270 
- 
15 
15 
80PC- 20CCW-20MK 
240 
- 
30 
30 
Group 5, QM 
95PC-5CCW-5RHA-5MK 
255 
15 
15 
15 
90PC-10CCW-10RHA-10MK 210 
30 
30 
30 
80PC-20CCW-20RHA-20MK 120 
60 
60 
60 
BM, binary mix; TM, ternary mix; QM, quaternary mix; PC, Portland cement 
Figure 1. Consistency of PC-CCW-RHA-MK 
0
20
40
60
0
10
20
30
No
rm
al
Co
nsistency
% Replacement level of PC with CCW-RHA-
MK binder
pc-ccw-rha-
mk

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Nanotechnology Applications in Africa: Opportunities and Constraints
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 805 (2020) 012031
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1757-899X/805/1/012031
9
3.2.2 The initial and final setting times of PC-CCW-RHA-MK binders 
For quaternary binders containing PC, CCW, RHA and MK, the setting times, initial (IS) and 
final (FS) are shown in Figures 2 and 3. It can be observed that the effect of the admixtures 
prolonged the setting times of the quaternary binders when compared with control value. The 
observed retardation in setting times is mainly due to the effect of lower cement content. It can 
also be observed that the setting times for binary and ternary binders increased as percentage 
replacement level of PC with the admixtures increased. This shows that the admixtures used in 
this study retards the setting times of binary, ternary and quaternary binders [36, 37]. If 
quaternary binder (PC-CCW-RHA-MK) is compared with ternary binder (PC-CCW-MK), 
(Table 3 and Figure 3) at 5 % replacement level, IS decreased by 27 %, at 10 % replacement 
level, increased by 8 % and then decreased again at 20 % replacement level by 24 %.
Figure 2
. Initial setting times of binders
Figure 3
. Final setting times of binders 
0
50
100
150
200
0
10
20
30
Initial
 setting 
time
% REPLACEMENT LEVEL OF PC
PC-CCW-RHA-
MK
PC-CCW
PC-RHA
PC-MK
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0
10
20
30
Fi
nal setting ttime
% Replacement Level of PC
PC-CCW-RHA-
MK
PC-CCW-MK
PC-CCW
PC-RHA
PC-MK

---

Nanotechnology Applications in Africa: Opportunities and Constraints
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 805 (2020) 012031
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1757-899X/805/1/012031
10