The Presentation of Self in Henry James‟s “Daisy
Miller”
Shufen Huang
Foreign Language and Trade Department
Qingyuan Polytechnic
Qingyuan, China
Abstract
—Henry James’s novella “Daisy Miller” was
traditionally regarded as an international and cultural story and
the common criticism was on its cultural theme. In this article, I
have employed the theory of self-presentation to re-consider the
self-hood of its characters and its influences on the interpersonal
and intercultural relations.
Keywords—Henry James; Daisy Miller; self-presentation
I.
I
NTRODUCTION
Henry James (1843-1916) is generally acknowledged to be
one of America‟s greatest novelists and critics. He is the author
of some of the best-known fictions of the later nineteenth
century — stories like “Daisy Miller” (1876), novels like
Portrait of a Lady (1881), tales like The Turn of the Screw
(1898). According to Linda Simon‟s research, from the 1980s
to 2007, we can see a flourishing James industry as scholars
have brought new critical perspectives to bear on James‟s work
by examining them in the light of New Historicism, feminist
and queer theory, cultural studies, and both psychological and
philosophical studies of consciousness [1]. “Daisy Miller,” first
published in the June and July 1878 issues of the British
magazine Cornhill, transformed James into an author of
international standing. The novella‟s popularity aroused a great
deal of criticism on its theme and the author. Critics were
universally concerned about its international theme and the
cultural conflicts. However, “Daisy Miller” as a dramatic and
interesting story receives no study about self-presentation in
the cultural context. In this article, I would like to employ the
theory of self-presentation to re-consider the self-hood of the
characters in James‟ novella, particularly Winterbourne and
Daisy, and its influences on the interpersonal and intercultural
relations.
II. S
ELF AND
S
ELF
-
PRESENTATION
A. Self
Before the adaptation of the theory of self-presentation, I
would like to clarify the self and the theory framework I am
going to use. The study of self has many sides and subtopics:
self-awareness, self-monitoring, self-esteem, self-enhancement,
self-presentation, and more. In fact the term “self” was
commonly used by everyone with ease and familiarity. This
suggests that the concept of selfhood is rooted in some simple
and universal human experience. The human selfhood depends
on the capacity for reflexive consciousness, which means the
human mind is able to turn attention toward itself and construct
extensive knowledge of itself. As times went by, Baumeister
indicated that the psychology of self has expanded and
flourished over decades while the concept of selfhood is
changed “from the straightforward and untroubled to the
complex and conflicted” [2]. Though self-knowledge remains
incomplete and depends on inference, the topic of self-
awareness is generally popular. As the study of self develops,
psychologists found that people change their behavior when
others are watching, in order to make an impression on those
others. Self-presentation, like most forms of social interaction,
becomes an important step in the process of building the inner
self and continues to be critical in the study of self.
B. Self-presentation
The term “self-presentation” was first introduced by Erving
Goffman in 1959 as part of a broader depiction of human social
life as theatre: people play roles, follow scripts, tailor their
performances to the audience, and change their behavior
“backstage” [3]. The self presents itself differently according to
the context. The inner self is well shaped by social
communication and social interaction. Goffman‟s outstanding
contribution to the theory of self-rests upon his approach to the
core of individual identity is from the everyday-life situations
of face-to-face encounters. The self is far from a passive
accepter of feedback. Instead, the self actively processes and
selects and sometimes distorts information from the social
world. Goffman‟s notion of self, as Srinivasan named it, has
been the subject of intense debate primarily because of the
“
perspective of incongruity” that he introduced as the
hallmark of the “Goffmanesque touch” [4]. As Goffman‟s
concern is restricted into the domain of Anglo-American
society, whether we can use his framework to unfold the
analysis of “Daisy Miller”, a novel about “international
theme,” becomes a question. The questions of cross-cultural
interaction and relation are beyond Goffman. By recognizing
such limitations in his theory, the concept of self-presentation I
would like to use here points to the presentation of selfhood
with a clear idea about what people know and believe about
themselves. Meanwhile, Goffman‟s theory of self-presentation
is universalized into a cross-cultural scope with the aid of
cross-cultural references.
2nd International Conference on Art Studies: Science, Experience, Education (ICASSEE 2018)
Copyright © 2018, the Authors. Published by Atlantis Press.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).
Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 284
200
III. W
INTERBOURNE
‟
S
S
ELF
-
PRESENTATION
“Daisy Miller” has been regarded as an “international
novel,” but it is also a theme that absorbs James throughout his
career: the phenomenon of understanding oneself and others.
“Daisy Miller” is, as many critics observed, the adventure and
the failure of Winterbourne‟s attempt to figure out Daisy Miller.
In a sense, “Daisy Miller” is a fiction of manners. Throughout
the whole novella, the characters, Winterbourne and Daisy in
particular, are presenting their selves according to the
circumstances and contexts, though both of whom fail to
“embrace” the roles and lead to undesirable consequences.
It has been argued that “Daisy Miller” is really more about
Winterbourne than Daisy herself. In many ways, Winterbourne
is as central as Daisy and may very well be the story‟s true
protagonist. It is a story presenting Winterbourne ’ s
presentation of his roles in the theatre of life. An American
who has lived most of his life in Europe, Winterbourne is the
type of Europeanized expatriate. He is closely associated with
Calvinism in Geneva, “the dark old city at the other end of the
lake”. He has an aunt, Mrs. Costello, from a high society
knowing “many of the secrets of that social sway”.
In the novella, Winterbourne in general plays the roles as a
stranger, a nephew, and a friend in different encounters and
contexts.