Energy Indicators for Sustainable Development: Guidelines and Methodologies International Atomic Energy Agency United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs International Energy Agency Eurostat European Environment Agency



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ENVIRONMENTAL DIMENSION 
ENV1: Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from energy production and use, per  
capita and per unit of GDP 
Brief Definition 
Emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) from 
energy production and use, per capita and per unit 
of gross domestic product (GDP), including carbon 
dioxide (CO
2
), methane (CH
4
) and nitrous oxide 
(N
2
O) 
Units 
Annual GHG emissions in tonnes, per capita or per 
US dollar. Emissions of CH
4
and N
2
O are to be 
converted to CO
2
equivalents using the 100-year 
global warming potentials (GWPs) provided in the 
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 
(IPCC) Second Assessment Report (1995) 
Alternative Definitions 
Total GHG emissions from energy production and 
use. GHG emissions from energy-related activities 
per unit of energy and electricity produced 
Agenda 21 
Chapter 9: Protection of the atmosphere 
POLICY RELEVANCE 
(a) Purpose: This indicator measures the total, the per capita and the per unit of GDP 
emissions of the three main GHGs from energy production and use that have a direct 
impact on climate change. 
(b) Relevance to Sustainable Development: During the 20
th
century, the Earth’s 
average surface temperature rose by around 0.6°C, and evidence is growing that most 
of this warming is attributable to increasing concentrations of GHGs in the 
atmosphere. The amount of CO
2
, for example, has increased by more than 30% since 
preindustrial times and is currently increasing at an unprecedented rate of about 0.4% 
per year, mainly due to the combustion of fossil fuels and deforestation. The 
concentrations of CH
4
and N
2
O are increasing as well due to energy, agricultural, 
industrial and other activities. The concentrations of nitrogen monoxide (NO), 
nitrogen dioxide (NO
2
), carbon monoxide (CO) and non-methane volatile organic 
compounds (NMVOCs) are also increasing as a result of anthropogenic activity. 
Although these gases are not themselves GHGs, they affect atmospheric chemistry, 
leading to an increase in tropospheric ozone, which is a GHG. 
The resulting effect is predicted to lead to more extreme weather events than in the 
past, with some areas experiencing increased storms and rainfall, and others suffering 
drought. How fast and where this change will happen is still uncertain, but the 
consequences may be serious, especially in developing countries, which are the least 
able to prepare for and deal with the effects of extreme weather conditions such as 
floods, landslides, droughts, etc. 


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