RUSSIAN LINGUISTIC BULLETIN 1 (17) 2019
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Several of the points above require further comment.
The relationship between the word (sign) and the idea is given by constituent parts of the semantic triangle; the concept of
the category is based on the same provisions. The syntagmatics–paradigmatics correlation is relative, since cognitive (mental)
linguistics also relies on the syntax (see below); Lev Shcherba’s speech activity and the speech act of the western cognitive
scientists both presuppose a special role of the syntax. The category of the Cause in formal linguistics serves as a category
connecting all linguistic relations, as the
basis of knowledge; in cognitive science, causality is used in a broader sense and the
cause in this case is only a part of the causal sequence, the latter consisting of the
basis as the original source (Leibniz:
“Everything that exists in the world has its reason.”) and the constituent elements of the Causality which are connected with it,
namely, conditions, reasons and goals. The Form of formal linguistics is contrasted with the Meaning as the fundamental
principle of cognitive linguistics, which emphasizes not the form but the sense that adds to the sum of knowledge. Tropes in
cognitive linguistics serve as a cornerstone matter of thought: see, for instance, the conceptual metaphor of western cognitive
scientists and the increased number of works in the field of metaphor research in general. Finally, the historical approach to
language studies has been replaced with the philosophical understanding of the language, which now is seen as accumulation
of new knowledge, preparing the ground for a change of the scientific paradigm.
Formal linguistics as a scientific study had evolved for two centuries and passed the following stages in its development:
1.
The historical-comparative method of the 19
th
century replaced the purely descriptive method of school grammar; this
became the
condition for the scientific study of language with the following main task: “
how did the language itself
originate?”
2.
The structural method of the early 20
th
century became the
cause behind the development of the scientific knowledge
about language; it set the task of learning “
how the language itself is
organized”.
3.
The functional method further developed the achievements of structuralism in order to accomplish the final
purpose of
the study: to understand “
how this language
works”.
Thus, formal linguistics had gradually exhausted all the tasks set before it. All four of the causes formulated by Aristotle as
ultimately possible in a movement and stemming from each other, including the underlying cause,
the basis, namely, the
subject matter of the study – language, had been fulfilled. The development logic kept suggesting a new turn in the process of
cognition. Any new development can always be found in the depths of previous developments, and this time was no different.
In particular, the
functional grammar stage formed the
transition point towards cognitive linguistics of a new type.
Something
already in action is already in existence; the German philosopher Nicolai Hartmann expressed this idea more emphatically: “If
there is existence, there is essence, and if there is essence, there is existence”. As a result, coincidence and interchangeability of
existence and
essence in their development “are directed by the
shifting identities” and, therefore, sooner or later they become
one and the same. In other words, if something
exists, this means that its
essence is also present. This directly follows from the
requirements of philosophical realism:
every event has its corresponding essence. In our case, if there is a form, there is also a
corresponding content (essence). So what essence corresponds to the forms of language?
Language acts in the
speech of the subject. Then the task is to determine the meaning of the subject’s actions, and this can
be best achieved from the point of view of the subject himself. Thus, the research perspective is changed: the former
reverse
perspective, from language to the researcher, has been replaced with a new,
linear perspective, from the researcher to
language. Anthropocentrism of the position reaches the uttermost limits and no longer hides under the mask of pragmatic
“objectivism”. We need to gain an insight into the essence of language.
This task can be achieved through a sequence of approximations.
In one of his work, A.V. Kravchenko (Kravchenko, 2013) demonstrated how the study of language in western linguistics
(exemplified by American linguistics) had walked the path “from a linguistic myth to a purely biological reality”, from a
symbolic adaptation to a purely biological function of the body.
Every completed thing ultimately passes through three stages of development (the author calls them “waves”); the same
happens here as well. I am going to present these stages in a comparative table, providing for now just their typological
description, again without mentioning any names (the overall presentation of the distinctive characteristics in question has not
yet been completely verified, so additions and adjustments are possible).
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