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Phonetics
Speech is a very hierarchical and complex physical phenomenon, including issues related to cognition,
language, physiology, hearing and acoustics. A research including features of these fields is referred
to as phonetics. In a view of speech processing we need to focus on lower categories that concern, for
example, following issues:
What kind of phonems do exist? What is the fundamental frequency/what are the formants at a
given time? How the speech should be coded? What phonemes can be found in the speech sample?
To answer these questions one must make clear of basic knowledge on speech signal and speech
itself.
Most of the acoustic properties of speech stem from the properties of the speech production system
which will now be studied and later on pursued to model.
Speech Organs
Nice figures related to this text can be found in
http://www.opiskelijakirjasto.lib.helsinki.fi/fonterm/006.htm
(text
in Finnish) or
http://www.phon.ox.ac.uk/~jcoleman/phonation.htm
(english)
Acoustically thinking, speech consists of the variation of air pressure that has compressed air in
lungs as a power source. When inhaling, the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles tighten causing
the chest to expand, yielding low pressure in the lungs and air flowing in. In exhaling the muscles
relax causing the chest to shrink and the air flows out because of high pressure. Speech is present
almost exclusively in exhaling. What is good to keep in mind is that the speech organs (lungs, tongue,
vocal cords etc.) have originally developed to enable other human activities like breathing and eating,
and have only later adapted to speech production.
The larynx is a sophisticated organ, whose part is to change the air flow from lungs into perio-
dic pressure fluctuation. The larynx comprises of the following parts: the thyroid cartilage (adam’s
apple), the vocal folds and the arytenoid cartilage. The gap between vocal cords is called the fissure
of glottis or the glottis and it comprises of the vocal glottis (between the vocal folds) and of the carti-
laginous glottis (between the arytenoid cartilages). Homo sapiens can control the shape of the glottis
in diversified positions by using the muscles in the larynx.
The vocal tract is a general term for the speech organs after larynx. It splits in parts: the pharyngeal
cavity,the nasal cavity and the oral cavity.
The most important organs in the vocal tract are the tongue, the soft palate, the lower jaw and the
lips. The tongue is the most important organ for speech production: its different postures determine
the most of phonemes. The soft palate is a muscle that can separate the oral cavity from the nasal
cavity.
Short English-Finnish vocabulary:
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