Figure 2: Position of vocal folds in different phonation types. From left to right: breathing, whisper,
phonation, unvoiced.
by the vocal tract; the classification of all vowels and some of the consonants can be done by looking
at the formants (frequency, strength and bandwidth).
The following sections describe the essentials of how the speech organs produce a certain phone-
me and what are the acoustic properties of the sound due to the configuration of the speech organs.
Articulatory phonetics covers the science of configurations of the speech organs to produce a par-
ticular phoneme.
Acoustic phonetics is the science of the relations between the configurations of the
speech organs and the acoustic wave. Acoustic phonetics will be discussed in Section 4.2.
4.1
Articulatory phonetics
One important goal of phonetics is to classify all phonemes existing in all languages. For this pur-
pose
International phonetic alphabet (IPA) was created in 1888. Most scientist are unanimous of the
classification but for notational reasons (there are no symbols of IPA in typewriters) other phonetic
alphabets are also used, for instance Arpabet.
IPA-classification can be found in
http://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/IPA/fullchart.html
Phonemes can be considered on the
phonetical basis, meaning that the examination is not based
on any particular language, but the description of the phonemes is as accurate as possible based on
their articulation (posture of speech organs). Another approach is the
phonological one, in which one
examines the phonemes of a particular language, especially the classes of phonemes which will be
interpreted to be same in the language in question. For instance, [k] and [p] are different sounds in
Finnish because the word
kala
(fish) is different than
pala
(piece). Meanwhile, the phonemes [s] (in
the word “pass”) and [sh] (in the word “shot”) do not change the meaning of any word in Finnish, so
they are interpreted as the same sound in Finnish. In Russian, for instance, they are different sounds.
We will briefly return to the phonological approach after the description of the phonemes.
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