This study has shown that users need to be aware that news consumption should be
an active process. The members of the
Ellinika Hoaxes Facebook implement their
own strategy to verify news circulated online and deliver high-quality results along
with the other members of the group and their online networks. The findings of this
study have shown that when the users adopt a more active role and seek out diverse
sources and data, they end up with better news and they contribute to building a
better news ecosystem.
As this study indicates, users’ contributions to the fight
against the spread of misleading information online are crucial due to the fact that
their results might be used by media outlets as well. For example, the members of the
Ellinika Hoaxes manage not only to find out fake news and
warn other users, but also
there are cases where their findings are used by the
journalists of the online
newspaper
Ellinika Hoaxes. Their contributions become even more significant since
their acts of authentication turn into articles which show that a story distributed on
social media is fake and misleading.
The findings of this study have also indicated that there are users who consume news
in an active way, are aware of the fact that fake news has rapidly increased, and they
want to contribute to its elimination. In addition, the reasons individuals have for
reading news items impact the extent of how far they will go to in order to
authenticate a story. According to Tsfati and Cappella (2005), the motives for news
consumption include social integrative (to be part of the conversation), surveillance
(to gather information to help everyday life), mood management (stimulation during
moments of boredom), and cognitive needs (to understand the world, political life,
and arguments for and against topics of discussion). People may still consume news
they do not trust if they still fulfill these functions (Tsfati and Cappella, 2005). A
research
question for future research, therefore, could be then: under what
circumstances do individuals authenticate a story, and when are they happy to read,
share, or use the information without validating it? Moreover,
another topic for
future research could be to study the way users in other countries – apart from
Greece – authenticate a story distributed online, how they are organized – if so – and
how they manage to spot a fake story and counter its spread. Then, the comparisons
between various countries could be made, contributing to a more effective strategy. It
would be interesting to elaborate on the current study on the Greek case, by using,
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for example, focus groups and study examples of fake news in order to identify
users’ acts of authentication in practice.
Despite the difficulty of finding simple solutions or clear culprits in the discussion of
fake news, this study has shown that there are effective ways to spot and counter the
spread of fake news on social media and that users can play a significant role in this
process. In fact, developing further mechanisms to ban, flag, or delete fake news
from the social media environments seem to be a necessary step. Well-informed and
educated users might also be able to put an end to – or at least decrease significantly
– the spread of fake news on social media. Social media is a fertile environment for
the fake news to be spread rapidly. However, social media platforms can also be used
by users, media outlets, and advertisers as a powerful tool to counter the circulation
of fake news. To build a better news ecosystem, with a well-informed audience,
quality, and accuracy in journalism, we need to construct and follow a strategy with
an aim at educating the users on spotting and curbing fake news. Empowering users
with the tools and the knowledge to very information distributed online could lead to
a better online society with the less fake news.
Apart from the well-informed and educated users, capable of spotting fake news and
curbing its spread on social media, quality in journalism is also required in order to
counter the spread of misleading information. In the information age, the spread of
social media and the fact that fake news industry is a profitable business have
changed the media ecosystem. Fake news is everywhere, and it is generated and
distributed with tremendous speed. However,
as this study has shown, there are
people, media outlets and organizations who are fighting the spread of fake news and
are willing to make an effort in order to provide quality content. Media outlets which
produce quality content need to be supported both by advertisers and the audience.
Governments, independent authorities and technologies firms should cooperate not
only in the field of fighting fake news industry but also on supporting media outlets
or audience communities which produce quality content, make research and provide
accurate data and facts. The healthy journalism should be
supported in order to
survive and beat the fake news tsunami. Quality in journalism in combination with
media literacy and the well-educated and skeptical audience might be the solution to
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