declining viewership will cause advertising revenue to fall so
far that networks will be unable to spend the large sums necessary to
produce programs of the quality now available
. That development, in
turn, will lead to a dearth of programming for the very devices that
cannibalized television’s audience. However, technology executives point
to research that indicates that
users of these devices increase the number
of hours per week that they watch television
because they are exposed
to new programs and promotional spots through these alternative
platforms. This analysis demonstrates that networks can actually increase
their revenue through higher advertising rates, due to larger audiences
lured to television through other media.
In comparing the executives’ arguments, the portions in boldface play
which of the following roles?
(A)
The first is an inevitable trend that weighs against the argument;
the second is that argument.
(B)
The first is a prediction that is challenged by the argument; the
second is a finding upon which the argument depends.
(C)
The first clarifies the reasoning behind the argument; the second
demonstrates why the argument is flawed.
(D)
The first acknowledges a position that the technology executives
accept as true; the second is a consequence of that position.
(E)
The first restates the argument through an analogy; the second
outlines a scenario in which that argument will not hold.
53. According to a study of more than 50,000 Norwegian smokers, smokers
who reduced their nicotine intake from cigarettes, even by up to 50%, did
not achieve significant health benefits. The mortality rate for those who cut
back on cigarettes was not lower than that for heavier smokers; moreover,
the rate of cardiovascular disease was similar across all subsets of smokers
in the study. As a result, the sponsors of the study claim that reducing
nicotine intake does not improve one’s health.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously jeopardizes the findings of
the study described above?
(A)
The majority of study participants minimized their nicotine
withdrawal symptoms through the use of skin patches and chewing
gum that provide nicotine to the body.
(B)
Many of the study’s participants periodically dined in restaurants in
which smoking was permitted.
(C)
The study’s participants started smoking at different ages and had
varied initial nicotine intake.
(D)
Quitting smoking entirely results in a marked reduction in the ill
effects of smoking.
(E)
Men and women who smoked pipes and cigars were excluded from
the study.
54. In developed countries, such as Canada, the percentage of the population
diagnosed with clinical depression is much greater than that in developing
countries. Researchers hypothesize that this difference is due to the
increased leisure time afforded to residents of developed countries.
The hypothesis of the researchers depends on which of the following
assumptions?
(A)
Clinical depression is a genetically transmitted malady.
(B)
Access to accurate diagnostic procedures for depression is equal
for residents of developing and developed countries.
(C)
Most activities characterized as “leisure time” in developed
countries are inherently boring.
(D)
Certain medications that effectively treat clinical depression are
not readily available in developing countries.
(E)
Few residents of developing countries dedicate any of their time to
leisure.
55. Most cable television companies currently require customers to subscribe
to packages of channels, but consumer groups have recently proposed
legislation that would force the companies to offer à la carte pricing as
well. Subscribers would pay less, argue the consumer groups, because they
could purchase only the desired channels. However, the cable industry
argues that under the current package pricing, popular channels subsidize
less-popular ones, providing more options for viewers. For this reason, the
industry claims that it is always cheaper for the consumer to purchase
many bundled channels than to buy them individually.
Which of the following would be most important to determine before
deciding whether to require cable television companies to offer à la carte
pricing in order to reduce consumer costs?
(A)
Whether the total number of channels offered to consumers would
decrease, along with programming diversity, as a result of the à la
carte pricing structure
(B)
Whether advertising revenue for the cable television companies
would decrease as a result of the à la carte pricing structure
(C)
Whether a large number of consumers would, in fact, significantly
reduce the number of channels purchased if given the option of
purchasing them individually
(D)
Whether the number of cable television consumers has been
declining as a result of new avenues of content delivery, such as the
Internet
(E)
Whether à la carte subscribers would be required to have new
television-set-top boxes
56. A certain pharmaceutical firm recently developed a new medicine,
Dendadrine, that provides highly effective treatment of severe stomach
disorders that were previously thought untreatable. However, the company
spent nearly $5 billion to research and develop the new medicine. Given
the size of the market for Dendadrine and the amount of the initial
investment, the company would need to sell Dendadrine at a price that is at
least five times greater than its variable costs just to break even. Yet
company management claims that Dendadrine will soon become the major
driver of the firm’s profits.
Which of the following statements best reconciles the management’s claim
with the evidence about the expenditures associated with the development
of Dendadrine?
(A)
The pharmaceutical firm expects to be granted patent protection
for Dendadrine; drugs under patent protection typically sell at prices
that are approximately 10 times their variable costs.
(B)
The development of some pharmaceutical products involves
substantial initial expenditures on research, testing, and approval.
(C)
In clinical tests, Dendadrine has proven far more effective at
treating severe stomach disorders than any prior available treatments,
without any serious side effects.
(D)
No competitors are developing or planning to develop new
medicines that might compete with Dendadrine in the marketplace.
(E)
Millions of people suffer from severe stomach disorders,
representing an estimated one to two billion dollars every year in
revenue.
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