THANKS
The author would like to thank the following people for their help in the production of
this book:
Josef Essberger
Ann Harrison
Maggie James
2
Copyright © Lucy Pollard 2008 All Rights Reserved
This e-book may not be reproduced in part or in full without the express written permission of the author.
INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................2
ABOUT THE AUTHOR........................................................................................................... 2
THANKS................................................................................................................................... 2
CHAPTER 1: THE BASICS OF TEACHING ENGLISH ..................................................................6
1.1 Use of English and use of mother tongue ................................................................................6
1.2 Using the blackboard, whiteboard ...........................................................................................6
1.3 Who talks in class?...................................................................................................................7
1.4 Eliciting....................................................................................................................................8
1.5 Pair work and group work........................................................................................................8
1.6 How to organise group and pair work......................................................................................9
1.7 What does the teacher do during pair and group work?...........................................................9
1.8 Some disadvantages of group and pair work and what to do about it......................................10
1.9 What to do in your first lesson? ...............................................................................................10
1.10 Giving instructions...................................................................................................................11
1.11 How to seat students ................................................................................................................12
1.12 Levels .......................................................................................................................................12
1.13 Essential elements for students to learn ...................................................................................13
1.14 Free and controlled language practice .....................................................................................14
1.15 Activities that provide controlled and freer language practice ................................................15
1.16 Accuracy and fluency...............................................................................................................16
1.17 Using a course book.................................................................................................................17
1.18 Choosing a course book ...........................................................................................................17
1.19 Roles of the teacher..................................................................................................................18
CHAPTER 2: APPROACHES TO THE TEACHING OF ENGLISH..............................................19
2.1 Grammar translation method ...................................................................................................19
2.2 Audio-lingual method ..............................................................................................................19
2.3 Communicative approach ........................................................................................................20
2.4 PPP ...........................................................................................................................................22
2.5 Task-based learning .................................................................................................................22
2.6 ESA ..........................................................................................................................................23
2.7 Humanistic ...............................................................................................................................24
2.8 Lexical approach ......................................................................................................................24
2.9 A final word on teaching methods ...........................................................................................24
CHAPTER 3: PRESENTING AND PRACTISING LANGUAGE...................................................25
3.1 Stage 1: Pre-checking knowledge ............................................................................................25
3.2 Stage 2: Presentation................................................................................................................27
3.2.1 Explanation ..............................................................................................................................27
3.2.2 Demonstration..........................................................................................................................28
3.2.3 Illustration ................................................................................................................................28
3.2.4 Discovery / deducing meanings ...............................................................................................28
3.3 Stage 3: Check students’ understanding ..................................................................................30
3.4 Stage 4: Practising language points .........................................................................................30
3.5 Stage 5: Revision .....................................................................................................................31
3.6 A final word on presenting and practising language................................................................31
3
Copyright © Lucy Pollard 2008 All Rights Reserved
This e-book may not be reproduced in part or in full without the express written permission of the author.
CHAPTER 4: SPEAKING.................................................................................................................33
4.1 Language..................................................................................................................................33
4.2 Preparation ...............................................................................................................................34
4.3 Reason for speaking .................................................................................................................34
4.4
Types of speaking activities ........................................................................................ 34
4.4.1 Information gap........................................................................................................................34
4.4.2 Discussions: reaching a consensus...........................................................................................35
4.4.3 Discussions: moral dilemma ....................................................................................................35
4.4.4 Discussions involving opinions ...............................................................................................35
4.4.5 Debates.....................................................................................................................................36
4.4.6 Spontaneous conversations ......................................................................................................36
4.4.7 Role play ..................................................................................................................................36
Tips and advice for role plays: ...........................................................................................................36
4.4.8 Problem solving: reorganising the zoo.....................................................................................37
4.4.9 Discussion about jobs (based on an activity in Discussions A-Z Intermediate)......................37
4.4.10 Discussions based on pictures .................................................................................................37
4.4.11 Topic prompts .........................................................................................................................38
4.5 A final word on speaking activities..........................................................................................38
CHAPTER 5: LISTENING................................................................................................................39
5.1 Listening for gist ......................................................................................................................39
5.2 Extensive listening ...................................................................................................................40
5.3 Listening for specific information............................................................................................40
5.4 Listening for detailed information ...........................................................................................40
5.5 Predicting .................................................................................................................................40
5.6 A template for a listening activity lesson.................................................................................41
5.7 A final word on listening activities ..........................................................................................43
CHAPTER 6: READING...................................................................................................................44
6.1 Reading skills and sub-skills....................................................................................................44
6.1.1 Reading for gist........................................................................................................................44
6.1.2 Reading to extract detailed information...................................................................................45
6.1.3 Reading to extract specific information ...................................................................................45
6.1.4 Predicting .................................................................................................................................45
6.1.5 Extensive reading.....................................................................................................................46
6.2 Template for a reading skills lesson.........................................................................................46
6.3 A final word on reading activities............................................................................................48
CHAPTER 7: WRITING ...................................................................................................................49
7.1 Language..................................................................................................................................49
7.2 Time for preparation ................................................................................................................49
7.3 Reason for writing....................................................................................................................49
7.4 Creating interest in the topic and activating students’ knowledge...........................................50
7.5 Coherence and cohesion...........................................................................................................50
7.6 Publication ...............................................................................................................................50
7.7 Approaches to teaching writing: process writing.....................................................................51
7.8 Approaches to teaching writing: the genre approach to writing ..............................................53
7.9 Shorter writing activities..........................................................................................................53
7.10 Using computers ......................................................................................................................54
4
Copyright © Lucy Pollard 2008 All Rights Reserved
This e-book may not be reproduced in part or in full without the express written permission of the author.
7.11 Penpals .....................................................................................................................................54
CHAPTER 8: PLANNING A LESSON ............................................................................................55
8.1 Recent work .............................................................................................................................55
8.2 Language work.........................................................................................................................56
8.3 Skills work ...............................................................................................................................56
8.4 Level of the students ................................................................................................................56
8.5 Overall aims of students...........................................................................................................56
8.6 Aims of the lesson....................................................................................................................56
8.7 Stages .......................................................................................................................................57
8.8 Timing......................................................................................................................................57
8.9 Variety......................................................................................................................................57
8.10 Interest......................................................................................................................................57
8.11 Interaction ................................................................................................................................58
8.12 Level of motivation..................................................................................................................58
8.13 Problems and solutions ............................................................................................................58
8.14 Materials and equipment required............................................................................................58
8.15 Homework................................................................................................................................58
8.16 Extra activities..........................................................................................................................58
8.17 A final word about lesson plans...............................................................................................59
CHAPTER 9: ERROR CORRECTION.............................................................................................60
9.1 Correcting mistakes in oral work .............................................................................................61
9.1.1 What to correct.........................................................................................................................61
9.1.2 How much to correct................................................................................................................61
9.1.3 When to correct........................................................................................................................62
9.1.4 Who corrects ............................................................................................................................62
9.1.5 How to correct..........................................................................................................................62
9.2 Correcting mistakes in written work........................................................................................63
9.2.1 How much to correct................................................................................................................63
9.2.2 How to correct..........................................................................................................................64
9.3 A final word on error correction ..............................................................................................64
CHAPTER 10: PRONUNCIATION..................................................................................................65
10.1 Individual sounds .....................................................................................................................66
10.2 Word stress...............................................................................................................................67
10.3 Sentence stress .........................................................................................................................68
10.4 Intonation .................................................................................................................................69
10.5 Connected speech.....................................................................................................................69
10.6 A final word on pronunciation .................................................................................................70
REFERENCES 71
5
Copyright © Lucy Pollard 2008 All Rights Reserved
This e-book may not be reproduced in part or in full without the express written permission of the author.
|