Cefr practice reading tests complete the text true or false

 
Q1 
Q2 
Q3 
Q4 
Q5 
Q6 
Q7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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CEFR READING PART PRACTICE – MATCHING HEADINGS 
Read the text and put headings from the statements A-H.
There is 
one
 extra heading that you do not need.
 
 
 
TASK 6
 
 
 
HEADINGS: 
A) Magic and Heroes 
B) Doing Business 
C) Early Developments 
D) Sounds and Symbols 
E) Images on Stone 
F) Stories and Seasons 
 
G) Personal Record
H) From Visual to Sound 
1. The earliest stage of writing is called pre-writing or proto-literacy, and depends on direct representation of objects, rather 
than representing them with letters or other symbols. Evidence for this stage, in the form of rock and cave paintings, dates 
back to about 15,000 years ago, although the exact dates are debatable. This kind of proto-literate cave painting has been found 
in Europe, with the best known examples in South-Western France, but also in Africa and on parts of the American continent. 
These petrographs (pictures on rock) show typical scenes of the period, and include representations of people, animals and 
activities.
 
2. Why did ancient people put such effort into making them? Various theories have been put forward, but the most compelling 
include the idea that the pictures were records of heroic deeds or important events, that they were part of magical ceremonies, 
or that they were a form of primitive calendar, recording the changes in the seasons as they happened. These, then, are all 
explanations as to why man started to write. 
3. A related theory suggests that the need for writing arose thereafter from the transactions and bartering that went on. In parts 
of what is now Iraq and Iran, small pieces of fired earth - pottery - have been found which appear to have been used as tokens 
to represent bartered objects, much as we use tokens in a casino, or money, today. Eventually, when the tokens themselves 
became too numerous to handle easily, representations of the tokens were inscribed on clay tablets. 
4. An early form of writing is the use of pictograms, which are pictures used to communicate. Pictograms have been found 
from almost every part of the world and every era of development, and are still in use in primitive communities nowadays. 
They represent objects, ideas or concepts* more or less directly. They tend to be simple in the sense that they are not a 
complex or full picture, although they are impressively difficult to interpret to an outsider unfamiliar with their iconography, 
which tends to be localized and to differ widely from society to society. They were never intended to be a detailed testimony 
which could be interpreted by outsiders, but to serve instead as aide-memoires to the author, rather as we might keep a diary in 
a personal shorthand. 
5. The first pictograms that we know of are Sumerian in origin, and date to about 8000 BC. They show how images used to 
represent concrete objects could be expanded to include abstractions by adding symbols together, or using associated symbols. 
One Sumerian pictogram, for example, indicates ‘death’ by combining the symbols for ‘man’ and ‘winter’, another shows 
‘power’ with the symbol for a man with the hands enlarged. 
6. By about 5,000 years ago, Sumerian pictograms had spread to other areas, and the Sumerians had made a major advance 
towards modem writing with the development of the rebus principle, which meant that symbols could be used to indicate 
sounds. This was done by using a particular symbol not only for the thing it originally represented, but also for anything which 
was pronounced in a similar way. So the pictogram for na (meaning ‘animal’) could also be used to mean ‘old’ (which was 
also pronounced na). The specific meaning of the pictogram (whether na meant ‘old’ or ‘animal’) could only be decided 
through its context. 
7. It is a short step from this to the development of syllabic writing using pictograms, and this next development took about 
another half a century. Now the Sumerians would add pictograms to each other, so that each, representing an individual sound 
- or syllable - formed part of a larger word. Thus pictograms representing the syllables he, na and mi (‘mother’, ‘old’, ‘my’) 
could be put together to form henami or ’grandmother’.