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Old Swedish
Old Swedish was an Eastern North Germanic language attested in about 2000 runic
inscriptions of the eleventh and twelfth centuries C. E. Its contemporary
descendant is New Swedish.
Vandalic
Vandalic was the East Germanic language of the Germanic speaking people who
invaded Gaul, Iberia, and Africa. They founded a kingdom in Africa in the fifth
century C. E. Vandalic is extinct.
West Germanic
The West Germanic branch of the Germanic languages is spoken by the Germanic
speaking people who occupied the southwestern part of the Germanic homeland.
The languages of these people show characteristic differences from the East and
North Germanic branches.
The West Germanic Languages are Afrikaans, Dutch-Flemish, English, Frisian,
Low German, and High German.
Groupings of the West Germanic Languages vary. The grouping shown in the tree
is derived from Campbell, wherein Old English, Old Frisian, and Old Saxon are
grouped as Ingvaeonic languages and Old High German is shown separated. Baldi
groups English and Frisian as Anglo-Frisian and High and Low German as
German. In any case English and Frisian are agreed to be very closely related.
English and Frisian share sound changes which do not occur in German. The
Ingvaeonic languages do not partake of the High German or
second
sound shift.
The whole West Germanic language area, from the North Sea far into Central
Europe, is really a continuum of local dialects differing little from one village to
the next. Only after one has travelled some distance are the dialects mutually
incomprehensible. At times there are places where this does not occur, generally at
national borders or around colonies of speakers of other languages such as West
Slavic islands in eastern Germany. Normally the local national language is
understood everywhere within a nation. The fact of this continuum makes the
tracing of the lines of historical development of national languages difficult, if not
impossible.
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