1 republic of uzbekistan ministry of higher and secondary specialised education

Ferdinand de Saussure
(/soʊˈsjʊər/; 
French: [fɛʁdinɑ̃ də sosyʁ]; 26 November 
1857 – 22 February 1913) was a Swiss 
linguist, semiotician and philosopher. His 
ideas laid a foundation for many significant 
developments in both linguistics and 
semiotics in the 20th century. He is widely 
considered one of the founders of 20th-
century linguistics and one of two major 
founders (together with Charles Sanders 
Peirce) of semiotics, or semiology, as 
Saussure called it. 
One of his translators, Roy Harris, 
summarized Saussure's contribution to 
linguistics and the study of "the whole range of human sciences. It is 
particularly marked in linguistics, philosophy, psychoanalysis, 
psychology, sociology and anthropology. 
Although they have undergone extension and critique over time, 
the dimensions of organization introduced by Saussure continue to 
inform contemporary approaches to the phenomenon of language. 
Prague school linguist Jan Mukařovský writes that Saussure's 
"discovery of the internal structure of the linguistic sign differentiated 
the sign both from mere acoustic 'things'... and from mental processes", 
and that in this development "new roads were thereby opened not only 
for linguistics, but also, in the future, for the theory of literature". 
Ruqaiya Hasan argued that "the impact of Saussure’s theory of the 
linguistic sign has been such that modern linguists and their theories 
have since been positioned by reference to him: they are known as pre-

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Saussurean, Saussurean, anti-Saussurean, post-Saussurean, or non-
Saussure". 
Saussure had a major impact on the development of linguistic 
theory in the first half of the 20th century with his notions becoming 
incorporated in the central tenets of structural linguistics. His main 
contribution to structuralism was his theory of