JAMES H MITTELMAN
economically: while by increasing the general mass of productions, it diffuses
general bene® t, and binds together by one common tie of interest and inter-
course, the universal society of nations throughout the civilised world’ .
5
Hence
Ricardo’ s basic law of comparative advantage, which undergirds a good deal of
contemporary theory, may be summarised as follows: the pattern of international
trade is dependent on the principle of comparative labour costs, which holds that
if two countries engage in trade relations, each one producing the same
commodities, one country would sell the commodity in which its relative (rather
than absolute) cost was lower and, similarly, the other country would sell the
commodity in which its own cost was low. Like Smith’ s concept of the division
of labour, Ricardo’ s theory of comparative advantage presupposes the notion of
civil society and the separation of politics and economics.
Viewing the division of labour as the `prevalent characteristic of capitalism’ ,
Marx did not share Smith’ s and Ricardo’ s faith in the bene® cial consequences
of the division of labour in manufacturing, where tasks are partitioned and
repartitioned, and of the division of labour in society as a whole. Marx
maintained that the division of labour in manufacturing brings the labourer face
to face with the material power of the production process, cutting down the
worker to a detail labourer. Knowledge, judgement and will are formally
exercised only for the factory as a whole, often crippling the worker’ s body and
mind as well. The detailed division of labourÐ subdivisions of tasks within
industriesÐ is thus distinguished from the social division of labour, which sets
off whole groups from one another in society. Both criticising and building on
the theoretical foundations laid by Smith and Ricardo, Marx thus sought to recast
their arguments and to make explicit a political dimension of division of labour
theory.
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