and patients continued to receive treatment
during the follow-up period, although this was
not as intensive as the first 18 months. Also, it is
not possible to identify
the essential ingredients
of treatment from this research.
When considered together, studies using
randomised controlled group designs
demonstrate that structured and systematic
psychological treatments can be effective at
reducing self-harm
and improving social and
interpersonal functioning in patients with BPD.
Importantly these gains are maintained, on the
whole for at least six months in a naturalistic
setting and for longer when patients continue to
receive therapy (Bateman & Fonagy, 2001).
However, most studies have been on small
samples
of patients and larger more
generalisable studies, involving more than one
centre, are needed.
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