Feedback
N/A
Feedback is limited
to correctness of
student responses
Feedback is limited
to correctness of
student responses
and may allow for
student to try again
Feedback is specific
and results in
improved student
performance (may
include tutorial aids)
Feedback is specific
and results in
improved student
performance; Data is
available
electronically to
student and teacher
Differentiation
N/A
App offers no
flexibility (settings
cannot be altered)
App offers limited
flexibility (e.g., few
levels such as easy,
medium, hard)
App offers more than
one degree of
flexibility to adjust
settings to meet
student needs
App offers complete
flexibility to alter
settings to meet
student needs
Performance/
Ease of Use
N/A
Crashes fairly often
and takes multiple
times to open.
Loads and performs
slowly. Sometimes
crashes.
Performs and loads
quickly. Some minor
technical issues.
Performs and loads
quickly. No issues
and very reliable.
Sharing
N/A
No performance
summary or student
product is saved
Limited performance
data or student
product is not
accessible
Performance data or
student product is
available in app but
exporting is limited
and may require a
screenshot
Specific performance
summary or student
product is saved in
app and can be
exported to the
teacher or for an
audience
User-Friendly
Directions
&
Instructions
N/A
Very complex to
learn. No directions
available.
Kind of difficult to
learn. Directions are
limited.
Easy to learn and
direction can be
followed.
Very easy to learn
and directions are
clear and simple to
follow
Appeal: Looks
& Sounds
N/A
Low quality graphics
and sounds.
Average sound and
graphics. Limited
appeal, but a little
distracting.
Good graphics and
sounds. Enhances
learning
Excellent graphics
and sound. Very
appealing.
Source: Adapted from Walker (2014), Vincent (2013) and Mutt (2012).
RESULTS
Application accessibility was evaluated based on technology that enabled learning
“anytime and anywhere” (West & Vosloo, 2013, p. 6). Of the twelve apps reviewed, four
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101
(33%) can be accessed only online, and eight (67%) can be accessed either online or offline
once installed on the phone (see Graph 1).
Graph 1 - Online and offline accessibility of reviewed apps
We evaluated how each of these apps performed according to each of the eight
dimensions on the LSARR. These results are portrayed in Table 3 and then explained in the
following section.
Table 3 – Data analysis per dimension
Dimension
Apps
C
u
rr
icu
la
r
C
o
n
n
e
ct
io
n
A
u
th
e
n
ti
ci
ty
F
e
e
d
b
a
ck
D
if
fe
re
n
ti
a
ti
o
n
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
ce
/E
a
se
o
f
U
se
S
h
a
ri
n
g
U
se
r-
F
ri
e
n
d
ly
D
ir
e
c
ti
o
n
s
&
In
s
tr
u
c
ti
o
n
s
A
p
p
e
a
l:
L
o
o
ks
&
S
o
u
n
d
s
F
in
a
l
S
co
re
s
b
y
A
p
p
M
e
a
n
S
co
re
s
b
y
A
p
p
Speaking Apps
English Conversation Practice
4
2
0
1
4
3
4
4
22
2.75
How to Speak Real English
2
1
1
1
4
1
4
3
17
2.13
Listening Apps
English Listening
4
2
1
4
4
1
4
3
23
2.88
Daily English Listening
4
2
1
2
4
1
4
3
21
2.63
Reading Apps
Reading Comprehension
4
4
2
1
4
1
4
2
22
2.75
English Reading Test
4
3
1
3
4
1
4
4
24
3.00
Writing Apps
Essay Writing Lite
4
2
0
1
4
4
4
1
20
2.50
IELTS Writing
4
2
3
1
4
4
4
1
23
2.88
Vocabulary Apps
Wordalot - Picture Crossword
4
2
2
1
4
3
4
4
24
3.00
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102
Learn English Vocabulary
4
2
1
1
4
3
4
4
23
2.88
Grammar Apps
English Grammar Ultimate
4
2
1
1
4
3
4
3
22
2.75
English Grammar Test
4
3
3
2
4
3
4
3
26
3.25
Mean Scores by Dimension
3.83
2.25
1.33
1.58
4.00
2.33
4.00
2.92
Curriculum Connection -
The mean score for Curriculum Connection is 3.83 out of 4.
Eleven of the twelve apps scored 4 because of having a strong connection to the targeted
curriculum. These eleven apps provide ample practice in developing skills related to the
curriculum.
Authenticity -
The mean score for Authenticity is 2.25 out of 4. Just one of the twelve
apps received a score of 4. This high score was based on how the targeted skill was practiced
in an authentic format. Two apps received a score of 3 as the skill was practiced in an
artificial format. Eight apps received a score of 2 because only some their aspects are
presented an authentic learning environment. And, one app received a score of 1because the
task is presented in an isolated format.
Feedback -
The mean score for Feedback is 1.33 out of 4.0. Two apps received a score
of 0because they did not provide any kind of feedback. Six apps received a score of 1 as the
feedback provided in the app was only limited to correctness of students’ responses. Two
apps received a score of 3 because they provided specific feedback and included a tutorial.
And, two apps received a score of four for providing feedback that was specific and also
because the feedback was available electronically to both the teacher and the student.
Differentiation -
The mean score for Differentiation is 1.58 out of 4. Eight apps
received a score of 1because they do not offer flexibility in their settings. One app received a
score of 2because it only offered limited flexibility in terms of level of proficiency. One app
received a score of 3because it offers more than one degree of flexibility; allowing students to
adjust settings to meet their needs. And, one app received a score of 4 because it offered
complete flexibility to alter settings.
Performance -
The mean score for Performance was 4.0 out of 4. All twelve apps
received the score of 4 for performing well. This meant that they loaded quickly and that no
issues were found in terms of technological features. Apart from minor delays due to in-app
ads, no glitches or errors were discovered. All twelve apps performed quickly and reliably.
Sharing -
The mean score for Sharing was 2.33 out of 4 Five apps received a score of 1
because users’ product and progress cannot be saved. Five apps received a score of 3 because
the users’ performance can be made available to the teacher yet only via screenshots. Two
apps received a score of 4 because the users’ performance can be saved in the app and sent to
the teacher.
User-Friendliness -
The mean score for User-Friendliness was 4.0 out of 4. All twelve
apps received a score of 4. Each app presented a comprehensible tutorial on how to use the
apps or simple instructions expressed in straightforward English. In many cases, these
instructions were accompanied by a YouTube video.
Appeal -
The mean score for Appeal was 2.92 out of 4. Four apps received a score of 4
because their design included appealing graphics and sound. Five apps received a score of
3because they possessed good graphics and sounds. Only one app received a score of 2
because either the sounds or graphics had limited appeal. And, two apps received a score of
1because neither their sounds nor graphics were of quality.
The total number of possible points on LSARR was 32, which represents4 points multiplied
by 8 dimensions. The highest scoring app was
English Grammar Test
, which scored 26,
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