B. The Classification of Antonymy
There are generally three kinds of sense relations, that is, sameness relation, oppositeness relation and inclusiveness
relation. Antonymy is the name for oppositeness relation. And there are three main types of antonymy, that is, gradable
antonymy, complementary antonymy, and converse antonymy. (Hu, 2001, p.164-168)
(1) Gradable Antonymy
Gradable antonymy is the commonest type of antonymy. The antonym pairs like
hot/cold, big/small
and
tall/shor
t all
belong to the gradable antonyms. We can find that they are mainly adjectives. The gradable antonymy has three
characteristics: first, as the name suggests , they are gradable, that is, the members of a pair differ in terms of degree ;
second, antonyms of this kind are graded against different norms; third, one member of a pair, usually the term for the
higher degree, serves as the cover term.
(Hu, 2001, p.164)
As for the first characteristic, it also means that if you deny one thing, you do not necessarily assert the other. And the
antonym pairs may have the comparative and superlative degrees. For example, “good” and “bad”, both of these two
words have the comparative and superlative degrees: “better”/“best” and “worse”/“worst”. Therefore, being not good is
not necessarily bad; and being not bad is not necessarily good. Between “good” and “bad”, we can find a degree that is
“so-so”. Look at other examples , between the two extremes of the size “big” and “small”, there is a degree that is
“medium”; between the two extremes of the temperature “hot” and “cold”, there are degrees that are “warm” and “cool”.
From the information referred to above, we can see that the gradable antonyms differ in terms of degree.
Look at the second characteristic, it means that there is no absolute criterion by which we tell an object is “big” and
another is “small”. The criterion is relative but not absolute. As we all know,
a small car
is always bigger than
a big apple
.
This is why the antonyms of this kind are graded based on different norms.
As for the third characteristic, one of the antonym pairs is the cover term, which is known as “unmarked”. “Unmarked”
is used more widely than “marked”. We may ask “how old are you” or “how tall is she” instead of “how young are you” or
“how short is she”. In that, “old” and “tall” are cover terms, “unmarked”; and “young” and “short” are marked. The
distinction between “unmarked” and “marked” reflect the potential value system that the speech community holds. People
want to be
tall
rather than
short
.
(2) Complementary Antonymy
Antonyms like
awake/asleep, married/single, pass/fail, alive/dead
and
male/female
are of this type. Complementary
antonyms also have three characteristics: first, they divide up the whole of a semantic field completely; second, the norm
in this type is absolute; third, there is no cover term for the two members of a pair.
(Hu, 2001)
As for the first characteristic, unlike the gradable antonyms, the complementary antonyms share a semantic field. But
between the two complementary antonyms, there is no intermediate ground. As Cruse (1986) describes it, the essence of a
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pair of complementary antonym is that between them they exhaustively divide some conceptual domain into two mutually
exclusive compartments, so that what does not fall into one of the compartments must necessarily fall into the other.
The
members of the antonym pairs of this kind is complementary to each other.
For instance, “He is more
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