Automatic solar tracking system

Classification of power controllers on their different kinds of approach towards the 
optimization of power output of the photovoltaic cells. 
There are certain kinds of algorithms which are utilized from time to time based on several 
conditions. The classification is done on the basis of above criterions: - 
Perturb and observe – One of the most popular maximum power point tracking method among the 
others, also known as hill climbing method, is one of the most often utilized method as the 
execution of this algorithm is quite elementary. In this method the voltage source is monitored by 
the controller and the magnitude is increased slowly and the power is observed for every small 
change of voltage. With the increase in voltage, there is an increase in the power as well and this 
change is voltage is brought till there is no alteration in the magnitude of power. This method can 
be a very fruitful method provided other parameters and techniques are taken care of. 
Incremental Conductance - Unlike, perturb and observe method, this method senses the alteration 
in the situations more abruptly. The consequent output voltage is calculated by observing the 
increasing voltage and current of the photovoltaic array. This method involves a little more 
calculative algorithm. 

---

THEORITICAL BACKGROUND OF SOLAR TRACKER 
25
AEIE, RCCIIT 
The algorithm of this method is designed to compare the changing conductance (I/V) with the 
conductance of the photo voltaic array. When there two parameters are at par with each other the 
output voltage becomes responsible for maximum power generation. 
Current Sweep- in this method, an upgradation of an I-V characteristic of photovoltaic module at 
certain time intervals i.e. a sweep waveform, is done and ten the maximum power is calculated 
from this curve.
Temperature Method – The algorithm for this method works of the equation: - 
𝑉
𝑚𝑝𝑝
(𝑇) = 𝑉
𝑚𝑝𝑝
(𝑇
𝑟𝑒𝑓
) + 𝑢𝑣
𝑚𝑝𝑝
(𝑇 − 𝑇
𝑟𝑒𝑓
)
In the above equation, 
𝑉
𝑚𝑝𝑝
stands for the maximum power point voltage and 
𝑢𝑣
𝑚𝑝𝑝
is the 
temperature coefficient of 
𝑉
𝑚𝑝𝑝
. 
𝑇
and 
𝑇
𝑟𝑒𝑓
are temperatures, calculated and taken from references 
respectively. So, in this method the maximum power point is calculated or assumed by observing 
the temperature of the solar panels. The voltage is expected to alter on the basis of temperature 
linearly. The temperature observed is referred to reference and hence the output voltage is 
computed from the above equation. The algorithm used in this method is comparatively simpler 
and hence power utilization is less. Moreover, the method is flexible enough to be implemented 
on both analog and digital circuit. What makes it out stand is, since the variation of temperature 
with respect to time is lethargic, the oscillation in power output is omitted.