The ministry of higher and secondary special education of the republic of uzbekistan



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ENGLISH PHONETICS

t
 
Peter
 
 
 
pe
ter

'
pi:t
ə
 
giraffe
 
 
 
gir
affe
 
ʤə
'
ra:f
 
Japan
 
 
 
ja
pan

ʤə
'
pæn 
elephant 
 
 
 
el
ephant
 
'
el
ɪ
f
ə
nt / 
'
el
ə
f
ə
nt 
 
 
 
Anthony 
 
 
 
an
thony
 
'
ænt
ə
ni
 
Amazon 
 
 
 
a
mazon
 
'
æm
ə
z
ə
n
 
Jemima 
 
 
 
je
mi
ma
 
ʤ
ɪ
'
ma
ɪ
m
ə
 / 
ʤə
'
ma
ɪ
m
ə
Mississippi
 
 
 
mi
ssi
ssi
ppi
 

m
ɪ
s
ɪ
'
s
ɪ
pi / 

m
ɪ
s
ə
'
s
ɪ
pi

 
 
The most common sound is represented by the symbol 
ə

and it is the only vowel 
important enough to be given its own name: the 
schwa
.
The schwa (sometimes spelled 
shwa
) is not only the most common vowel sound in 
weak syllables; it is by far the most common vowel sound in the whole of the English 
system. It is found: 

at the start of words, just before the main stress;
e.g.
Mo
rocco, 
Ja
pan, 
gi
raffe, 
Fe
licity
 

following main stress (sometimes twice in words); 
e.g. 
Pe
ter
, Am
azon
, An
tho
ny 

between secondary and primary stress 
e.g.
 
ci
ga
rette, Wol
ver
hampton
 

as an even shorter alternative to short 
[
ɪ
]
in fast versions of certain words; 
e.g. 
Ja
net

Je
mima, e
le
phant 
Schwa is not just short, it is the shortest possible vowel in English. 
 
 
Words without schwa 
 
Words with schwa 
sport = sp

:t 
 
 
support = s
ə
'p

:t 
claps 
 
 = klæps 
 
 
collapse = k
ə
'læps 
 
 
prayed = pre
ɪ
d
 
parade = p
ə
're
ɪ

 
 
scum = sk

m
 
succumb = s
ə
'k


 
 
sliver = 
'
sla
ɪ
v
ə
 
 
 
saliva = s
ə
'la
ɪ
v
ə
 
 
 
train = tre
ɪ

 
 
terrain = t
ə
're
ɪ

 
 
blow = bl
əu
 
 
below = b
ə
'l
əu
 
 
 
cress = kres 
 
 
caress = k
ə
'res 
 
 
plight = pla
ɪ

 
 
polite = p
ə
'la
ɪ

 
 
Clyde = kla
ɪ

 
 
collide = k
ə
'la
ɪ

 
 
hungry = 'h

ŋɡ
r
ɪ
 
Hungary = 'h

ŋɡə
r
ɪ


51 
Schwa is found not only in 
lexical items
(nouns, main verbs, adjectives and adverbs). It 
is regularly found in common, weakly-stressed 
grammatical items
, especially 
prepositions, articles, auxiliary verbs and pronouns. 
Ω 
Listen to the following limericks. Your tasks are: 
1.
hit the main stressed syllables 
2.
watch out for the weak syllables in the names; a lot of them start with an unstressed 
syllable containing schwa; 
We 
tra
velled to 
Ve
nice then on to Ve
ro
na
to 
test
 a Fi
est
a with 
on
ly one 
own
er. 
We 
drove
 through the 
night
 to a 
vi
llage near 
Bru
ssels
to 
choose
 lots of 
booze
 and eat 
plen
ty of 
mus
sels. 
We 
la
ter de
ci
ded to 
head
 off to 
Spain

via 
France
 for a 
chance
 to drink 
lots
 of cham
pagne

But after a week of good living and booze 
we agreed that we’d need to rest up in Toulouse. 
Then we drove to Madrid before heading to Lisbon 
to meet our friend Pete who’d just flown in from Brisbane. 
We drove farther south to a town near Granada 
to find lots of wine to replenish the larder, 
and then spent a week just outside Algeciras, 
but folk that we spoke to refused to come near us. 
We stayed for a while in the town of Pamplona 
where Pete walked the street (he’s a bit of a loner) 
We drove fairly fast to a hotel in Cannes 
where we tried to confide our affairs to a man, 
who gave us some goods to deliver in Rome 
for a fee we’d not see until safely back home. 
We sailed down to Malta to stay in Valetta 
but a fax sent from Sfax made us think that we’d better, 
cross over to Tunis then drive to Algiers 
to speak to a Greek I had known for some years. 
We drove through Morocco to reach Casablanca 
to discuss, without fuss, our affairs with a banker. 
Then headed back north, crossed the Straits of Gibraltar 
but passed through so fast we were starting to falter, 
and round about then I began to remember
I had to meet Dad on the tenth of September. 
We sold the Fiesta and loaded a plane 
with some gear from Tangier then we got on a train, 
which roared through the night till it reached Santander 
where we stayed one more day just to breath in the air, 


52 
then a boat brought us back to our own native shores. 
So that was my holiday, how about yours? 
 
 
 
 
Questions for Discussion 
1.
What is a syllable? 
2.
How is a syllable formed? 
3.
What sonorous sounds are syllabic? 
4.
Speak about the types of syllables. Give your own example. 
5.
What is an open syllable? 
6.
What is a closed syllable? 
7.
What is the difference between stressed and unstressed syllables? Explain and give 
your own examples. 
8.
What is schwa? 
 
SELF – TEST
 
1. Mark the correct stresses in the following words: 
nationality, responsibility, watchmaker, Navoi Street, celebrate, go away 
 
2. Transcribe the words given below.
 
telegram, blackboard, architect, continue, November, dialogue, peculiarity, obliged,


university, insufficient, anxiety, prosperity, advertisement, condemnation, accuracy 
3.
Mark the correct stresses and define the type of the stressed syllables: 
 
hungry, tube, melon, badge, Mary, funeral, Physics, afford, purpose, discharge, convenient, 
extreme, economist, underground, insurance, experience, compare, compulsory, institution, 
kindergarten, excited, various
 
4.
Divide the words into syllables: 
 
busy, many, penny, beaten, bitten, system, beneath, table, assistant, comfortable, refrigerator, 
marvellous, residential, emergency, pollution, according, encyclopaedia
 
 
 
Unit 8. 
The Accentual Structure of English Words 
Closely connected with the syllabic structure of words is their accentual structure, 
because it is the syllable that bears what is known as word-stress or word accent. Every 
disyllabic and polysyllabic word pronounced in isolation has word-stress. Word accent in 
a disyllabic or polysyllabic word may be defined as a singling out of one or more of its 
syllables by giving them a greater degree of prominence as compared with the other 
syllable or syllables in the same word. 


53 
Note
: In the word 
indivisibility
 [
 
'
ɪ
nd
ɪ

v
ɪ
z
ɪ
'b
ɪ
l
ɪ
t
ɪ
]
 
consisting of seven syllables, we make 
the first, third and fifth syllables prominent by the same means, but the degrees of their 
prominence are different. 
The stress on the fifth syllable is effected chiefly by a change in pitch direction. This 
syllable is called the 
accentual
nucleus
of the word and the stress on it, the 
primary
(
nuclear

accent

The stress on the first syllable is also primary, but it is effected by pronouncing the 
syllable on a high level pitch. This syllable bears the pre–nuclear primary accent.
The stress on the third syllable is weaker and is called 
secondary
. It is effected by 
pronouncing the syllable on a mid–level pitch. 
The nuclear primary accent is more important than the pre-nuclear one for two reasons: 
1)
in some words the pre-nuclear primary and the secondary stresses are interchangeable. 
 
inconvenient

['
ɪ
nk
ə
n'vi:nj
ə
nt] 
[

ɪ
nk
ə
n'vi:nj
ə
nt] 
 
2) a difference in the position of the nuclear accent may perform a distinctive function, e.g. 
it may distinguish certain English verbs from nouns consisting of the same phonemes, e.g. 

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