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MERICAN Journal of Public Diplomacy and International Studies
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known sufficiently;
risk-free behavior does not exist;
It is necessary to distinguish between risk and its measures.
Based on this, it is quite common to attempt to classify the subsets of risks included in
these general interpretations. The vast majority of authors who have studied the signs (factors) of
risks identify the following risks (
Fig. 3):
operational (risk associated with deficiencies in systems and procedures for management,
support and control, as well as "... the risk of careless or incompetent actions, as a result of which
material damage may be caused"
8
);
Fig. 3
.
Classification of risks by signs (factors)
9
market (such a risk seems to be a derivative of the activity of the economic entity itself
[10] and the problems of determining this risk in relation to the activities of economic entities
require further research aimed at minimizing losses in their activities, including the study of
behavior in the stock market during a slowdown in the economic cycle [11]);
credit (this risk may be associated with the possibility of a regression of production or
demand for the products of a particular industry, non-fulfillment of contractual relations for some
reason, transformation of types of resources over time and force majeure circumstances).
This approach is followed by leading multinational companies, developers of risk analysis,
measurement and management systems, as well as specialists in economic sectors.
To these basic risks, several more types of them are added, occurring in one sequence or
another:
business (the basic beginning of such a risk is a failure of a purely substantive nature in
terms of increasing the economic effect of economic activity through the adoption and
implementation of a management decision);
liquidity risk (this is the risk of losses due to the inability of a credit institution to ensure
the fulfillment of its obligations in full [11]. The same losses should include lost profits associated
with the diversion of resources to maintain liquidity).
legal risk (“… as inherent in human activity, objectively existing and within certain
limits capable of assessing and volitionally regulating the probability of incurring negative
8
http://dic. academic. ru/dic. nsf/fin_enc/26363.
9
Compiled by the author, based on the synthesis of risk classification by a number of authors, for example, Shapkin
A. S., Shapkin V. A. Economic and financial risks. Evaluation, management, investment portfolio. 12th edition,
revised. Moscow: Dashkov i K°. 2023. -539 p. and etc.
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