algebra, the grade received, and how much the skill was used over the course of adulthood.
Surprisingly, a person’s grasp of algebra at the time of testing did not depend on how long ago
he’d taken the course–the determining factor was the duration of instruction. Those who had
spent only a few months learning algebra forgot most of it within two or three years.
H
In another study, Bahrick discovered that people who had taken several courses in Spanish,
spread out over a couple of years, could recall, decades later, 60 percent or more of the
vocabulary they learned. Those who took just one course retained only a trace after three years.
“This long-term residue of knowledge remains stable over the decades, independent of the age
of the person and the age of the memory. No serious deficit appears until people get to their
50s and 60s, probably due to the degenerative processes of aging rather than a cognitive loss.”
I
“You could say metamemory is a byproduct of going to school,” says psychologist Robert Kail,
Ph.D., of Purdue University, who studies children from birth to 20 years, the time of life when
mental development is most rapid. “The question-and-answer process, especially exam-taking,
helps children learn–and also teaches them how their memory works This may be one reason
why, according to a broad range of studies in people over 60, the better educated a person is,
the more likely they are to perform better in life and on psychological tests. A group of adult
novice chess players were compared with a group of child experts at the game. In tests of their
ability to remember a random series of numbers, the adults, as expected, outscored the
children. But when asked to remember the patterns of chess pieces arranged on a board, the
children won. “Because they’d played a lot of chess, their knowledge of chess was better
organized than that of the adults, and their existing knowledge of chess served as a framework
for new memory,” explains Kail.
J
Specialized knowledge is a mental resource that only improves with time. Crystallized
intelligence about one’s occupation apparently does not decline at all until at least age 75, and
if there is no disease or dementia, may remain even longer. Special knowledge is often
organized by a process called “chunking.” If procedure A and procedure B are always done
together, for example, the mind may merge them into a single command. When you apply
yourself to a specific interest–say, cooking–you build increasingly elaborate knowledge
structures that let you do more and do it better. This ability, which is tied to experience, is the
essence of expertise. Vocabulary is one such specialized form of accrued knowledge. Research
clearly shows that vocabulary improves with time. Retired professionals, especially teachers
and journalists, consistently score higher on tests of vocabulary and general information than
college students, who are supposed to be in their mental prime.
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