debate the project in public. After a public meeting, the bureaucrats had pulled out at the last
minute. Vargha knew he had to take the next step. “We decided it wasn’t enough to talk and
write, so we set up an organization, the Danube Circle. We announced that we didn’t agree
with censorship. We would act as if we were living in a democracy.” he says.
The Danube Circle was illegal and the secret publications it produced turned out to be samizdat
leaflets. In an extraordinary act of defiance, it gathered 10,000 signatures for a petition
objecting to the dam and made links with environmentalists in the west, inviting them to
Budapest for a press conference.
The Hungarian government enforced a news blackout on the dam, but articles about the
Danube Circle began to be published and appear in the western media. In 1985, the Circle and
Vargha, a public spokesman, won the Right Livelihood award known as the alternative Nobel
prize. Officials told Vargha he should not take the prize but he ignored them. The following year
when Austrian environmentalists joined a protest in Budapest, they were met with tear gas and
batons. Then the Politburo had Vargha taken from his new job as editor of the Hungarian
version of
Scientific American.
The dam became a focus for opposition to the hated regime. Communists tried to hold back the
waters in the Danube and resist the will of the people. Vargha says, “Opposing the state
directly was still hard.” “Objecting to the dam was less of a hazard, but it was still considered a
resistance to the state.”
Under increasing pressure from the anti-dam movement, the Hungarian Communist Party was
divided. Vargha says, “Reformists found that the dam was not very popular and economical. It
would be cheaper to generate electricity by burning coal or nuclear power.” “But hardliners
were standing for Stalinist ideas of large dams which mean symbols of progress.”
Environmental issues seemed to be a weak point of east European communism in its final
years. During the 1970s under the support of the Young Communist Leagues, a host of
environmental groups had been founded. Party officials saw them as a harmless product of
youthful idealism created by Boy Scouts and natural history societies.
Green idealism steadily became a focal point for political opposition. In Czechoslovakia, the
human rights of Charter 77 took up environmentalism. The green-minded people of both
Poland and Estonia participated in the Friends of the Earth International to protest against air
pollution. Bulgarian environmentalists built a resistance group, called Ecoglasnost, which held
huge rallies in 1989. Big water engineering projects were potent symbols of the old Stalinism.
Dostları ilə paylaş: