propeller-driven ships to arrive in Britain, and he abandoned his plans for paddlewheel
propulsion. The ship was launched in 1843 and was the first screw-driven iron ship to cross
the Atlantic. Great Britain ran aground early in its career but was repaired, sold, and sailed for
years to Australia, and other parts of the world, setting the standard for ocean travel. In the
early 1970s, the old ship was rescued from the Falklands and is now under restoration in
Bristol.
G
Conventional wisdom in Brunel’s day was that steamships could not carry enough coal to make
long ocean voyages. But he correctly figured out that this was a case where size mattered. He
set out to design the biggest ship ever, five times larger than any ship built up to that time. Big
enough to carry fuel to get to Australia without refueling, in addition, it would carry 4,000
passengers.
The Great Eastern was 692ft long, with a displacement of about 32,000 tons. Construction
began in 1854 on the Thames at Millwall. Brunel had chosen John Scott Russell to build the
ship. He was a well-established engineer and naval architect, but the contract did not go well.
Among other things, Scott Russell was very low in his estimates and money was soon a
problem. Construction came to a standstill in 1856 and Brunel himself had to take over the
work. But Brunel was nothing if not determined and by September 1859, after a delayed and
problem -ridden launch, the Great Eastern was ready for the maiden voyage, Brunei was too
sick to go, but it was just as well because only a few hours out there was an explosion in the
engine room which would have destroyed a lesser ship. Brunel died within a week or so of the
accident. The great ship never carried 4,000 passengers (among other things, the Suez Canal
came along) and although it made several transatlantic crossings, it was not a financial success.
Shortly after the Great Eastern began working life, the American entrepreneur Cyrus Field and
his backers were looking for a ship big enough to carry 5,000 tons of telegraphic cable, which
was to be laid on the ocean floor from Ireland to Newfoundland. Although Brunel did not have it
in mind, the Great Eastern was an excellent vessel for this work on July 27, 1866. It successfully
completed the connection and a hundred years of transatlantic communication by cable began.
The ship continued this career for several years, used for laying cables in many parts of the
world.
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