NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS
from the Reading Passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 23-26
23-26 on your answer sheet.
The Great Eastern was specially designed with a 23
for carrying more
fuels and was to take a long voyage to 24
; However due to physical
condition, Brunel couldn’t be able to go with the maiden voyage. Actually, the Great
Eastern was unprofitable and the great ship never crossed 25
. But soon
after there was an ironic opportunity for the Great Eastern which was used to carry
and to lay huge 26
in Atlantic Ocean floor.
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READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40
Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage
3 below.
Movie of Metropolis
…being the science-fiction film that is steadily becoming a fact
A
When German director Fritz Lang visited the United States in 1924, his first glimpse of the
country was a night-time view of the New York skyline from the deck of an ocean liner. This, he
later recalled, was the direct inspiration for what is still probably the most innovative and
influential science-fiction film ever made – Metropolis.
B
Metropolis is a bleak vision of the early twenty-first century that is at once both chilling and
exhilarating. This spectacular city of the future is a technological marvel of high-rise buildings
connected by elevated railways and airships. It’s also a world of extreme inequality and social
division. The workers live below ground and exist as machines working in an endless routine of
mind-numbing 10-hour shifts while the city’s elite lead lives of luxury high above. Presiding
over them all is the Master of Metropolis, John Fredersen, whose sole satisfaction seems to lie
in the exercise of power.
C
Lang’s graphic depiction of the future is conceived in almost totally abstract terms. The function
of the individual machines is never defined. Instead, this mass of dials, levers and gauges
symbolically stands for all machines and all industry, with the workers as slave-live extensions
of the equipment they have to operate. Lang emphasizes this idea in the famous shift-change
sequence at the start of the movie when the workers walk in zombie-like geometric ranks, all
dressed in the same dark overalls and all exhibiting the same bowed head and dead-eyed stare.
An extraordinary fantasy sequence sees one machine transformed into a huge open-jawed
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statue which then literally swallows them up.
D
On one level the machines and the exploited workers simply provide the wealth and services
which allow the elite to live their lives of leisure, but on a more profound level, the purpose of all
this demented industry is to serve itself. Power, control and the continuance of the system from
one 10-hour shift to the next is all that counts. The city consumes people and their labour and
in the process becomes a perverse parody of a living being.
E
It is enlightening, I think, to relate the film to the modern global economy in which multinational
corporations now routinely close their factories in one continent so that they can take
advantage of cheap labour in another. Like the industry in Metropolis, these corporations’ goals
of increased efficiency and profits have little to do with the welfare of the majority of their
employees or that of the population at large. Instead, their aims are to sustain the momentum
of their own growth and to increase the monetary rewards to a tiny elite – their executives and
shareholders. Fredersen himself is the essence of the big company boss: Rupert Murdoch
would probably feel perfectly at home in his huge skyscraper office with its panoramic view of
the city below. And it is important that there is never any mention of government in Metropolis
– the whole concept is by implication obsolete. The only people who have power are the
supreme industrialist, Fredersen, and his magician/scientist cohort Rotwang.
F
So far so good: when the images are allowed to speak for themselves the film is impeccable
both in its symbolism and in its cynicism. The problem with Metropolis is its sentimental story-
line, which sees Freder, Fredersen’s son, instantly falling in love with the visionary Maria. Maria
leads an underground pseudo-religious movement and preaches that the workers should not
rebel but should await the arrival of a ‘Mediator’ between the ‘Head’ (capital) and the ‘Hands’
(labour). That mediator is the ‘Heart’ – love, as embodied, finally, by Freder’s love of Maria and
his father’s love of him.
G
Lang wrote the screenplay in collaboration with his then-wife Thea von Harbou. In 1933 he
fled from the Nazis (and continued a very successful career in Hollywood). She stayed in
Germany and continued to make films under the Hitler regime. There is a constant tension
within the film between the too-tidy platitudes of von Harbou’s script and the
uncompromisingly caustic vigour of Lang’s imagery.
H
To my mind, both in Metropolis and in the real world, it’s not so much that the ‘Head’ and
‘Hands’ require a ‘Heart’ to mediate between them but that the ‘Hands’ need to develop their
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own ‘Head’, their own political consciousness, and act accordingly – through the ballot box,
through buying power and through a sceptical resistance to the materialistic fantasies of the
Fredersens.
I
All the same, Metropolis is probably more accurate now as a representation of industrial and
social relations than it has been at any time since its original release. And Fredersen is certainly
still the most potent movie symbol of the handful of elusive corporate figureheads who
increasingly treat the world as a Metropolis-like global village.
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