17
G
18
G
19
E
20
F
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21
G
22
C
23
the biggest ship
24
Australia
25
suez canal
26
telegraphic cable
27
YES
28
NOT GIVEN
29
NO
30
NOT GIVEN
31
social division
32
machines
33
John Fredersen
34
abstract
35
function
36
efficiency
37
C
38
A
39
B
40
D
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IELTS Mock Test 2023 June
Reading Practice Test 3
HOW TO USE
You have 2 ways to access the test
1. Open this URL
https://link.intergreat.com/zkDtg
on your computer
2. Use your mobile device to scan the QR code attached
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1 -13
Questions 1 -13, which are based on Reading Passage
1 below.
page 1
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Plant Scents
A
Everyone is familiar with scented flowers, and many people have heard that floral odors help
the plant attract pollinators. This common notion is mostly correct, but it is surprising how little
scientific proof of it exists. Of course, not all flowers are pollinated by biological agents – for
example, many grasses are wind-pollinated – but the flowers of the grasses may still emit
volatiles. In fact, plants emit organic molecules all the time, although they may not be obvious to
the human nose. As for flower scents that we can detect with our noses, bouquets that attract
moths and butterflies generally smell “sweet,” and those that attract certain flies seem “rotten”
to us.
B
The release of volatiles from vegetative parts of the plant is familiar, although until recently the
physiological functions of these chemicals were less clear and had received much less attention
from scientists. When the trunk of a pine tree is injured – for example, when a beetle tries to
burrow into it – it exudes a very smelly resin. This resin consists mostly of terpenes –
hydrocarbons with a backbone of 10, 15 or 20 carbons that may also contain atoms of oxygen.
The heavier C20 terpenes, called diterpenes, are glue-like and can cover and immobilize insects
as they plug the hole. This defense mechanism is as ancient as it is effective: Many samples of
fossilized resin, or amber, contain the remains of insects trapped inside. Many other plants emit
volatiles when injured, and in some cases the emitted signal helps defend the plant. For
example, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, which is known as a “green leaf volatile” because it is emitted
by many plants upon injury, deters females of the moth Heliothis virescens from laying eggs on
injured tobacco plants. Interestingly, the profile of emitted tobacco volatiles is different at night
than during the day, and it is the nocturnal blend, rich in several (Z)-3-hexen-1-olesters, that is
most effective in repelling the night-active H. virescens moths.
C
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Herbivore induced volatiles often serve as indirect defenses. These bulwarks exist in a variety
of plant species, including corn, beans, and the model plant species Arabidopsis thaliana. Plants
not only emit volatiles acutely, at the site where caterpillars, mites, aphids or similar insects are
eating them but also generally from non-damaged parts of the plant. These signals attract a
variety of predatory insects that prey on the plant-eaters. For example, some parasitic wasps
can detect the volatile signature of a damaged plant and will lay their eggs inside the offending
caterpillar; eventually, the wasp eggs hatch, and the emerging larvae feed on the caterpillar
from the inside hatch, and the emerging larvae feed on the caterpillar from the inside out. The
growth of infected caterpillars is retarded considerably, to the benefit of the plant. Similarly,
volatiles released by plants in response to herbivore egg laying can attract parasites of the
eggs, thereby preventing them from hatching and avoiding the onslaught of hungry herbivores
that would have emerged. Plant volatiles can also be used as a kind of currency in some very
indirect defensive schemes. In the rainforest understory tree Leonardoxa Africana, ants of the
species Petalomyrmex phylax patrol young leaves and attack any herbivorous insects that they
encounter. The young leaves emit high levels of the volatile compound methyl salicylate, a
compound that the ants use either as a pheromone or as an antiseptic in their nests. It appears
that methyl salicylate is both an attractant and a reward offered by the tree to get the ants to
perform this valuable deterrent role.
D
Floral scent has a strong impact on the economic success of many agricultural crops that rely
on insect pollinators, including fruit trees such as the bee-pollinated cherry, apple, apricot and
peach, as well as vegetables and tropical plants such as papaya. Pollination not only affects
crop yield, but also the quality and efficiency of crop production. Many crops require most, if not
all, ovules to be fertilized for optimum fruit size and shape. A decrease in fragrance emission
reduces the ability of flowers to attract pollinators and results in considerable losses for
growers, particularly for introduced species that had a specialized pollinator in their place of
origin. This problem has been exacerbated by recent disease epidemics that have killed many
honeybees, the major insect pollinators in the United States.
E
One means by which plant breeders circumvent the pollination problem is by breeding self-
compatible, or apomictic, varieties that do not require fertilization. Although this solution is
adequate, its drawbacks include near genetic uniformity and consequent susceptibility to
pathogens. Some growers have attempted to enhance honeybee foraging by spraying scent
compounds on orchard trees, but this approach was costly, had to be repeated, had potentially
toxic effects on the soil or local biota, and, in the end, proved to be inefficient. The poor
effectiveness of this strategy probably reflects inherent limitations of the artificial, topically
applied compounds, which clearly fail to convey the appropriate message to the bees. For
example, general spraying of the volatile mixture cannot tell the insects where exactly the
page 3
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blossoms are. Clearly, a more refined strategy is needed. The ability to enhance existing floral
scent, which could all be accomplished by genetic engineering, would allow us to manipulate
the types of insect pollinators and the frequency of their visits. Moreover, the metabolic
engineering of fragrance could increase crop protection against pathogens and pests.
F
Genetic manipulation of the scent will also benefit the floriculture industry. Ornamentals,
including cut flowers, foliage and potted plants, play an important aesthetic role in human life.
Unfortunately, traditional breeding has often produced cultivars with improved vase life,
shipping characteristics, color and shape while sacrificing desirable perfumes. The loss of scent
among ornamentals, which have a worldwide value of more than $30 billion, makes them
important targets for the genetic manipulation of flower fragrance. Some work has already
begun in this area, as several groups have created petunia and carnation plants that express
the linalool synthase gene from C. Breweri. These experiments are still preliminary: For
technical reasons, the gene was expressed everywhere in the plant, and although the
transgenic plants did create small amounts of linalool, the level was below the threshold of
detection for the human nose. Similar experiments in tobacco used genes for other
monoterpene synthases, such as the one that produces limonene, but gave similar results.
G
The next generation of experiments, already in progress, includes sophisticated schemes that
target the expression of scent genes specifically to flowers or other organs – such as special
glands that can store antimicrobial or herbivore-repellent compounds.
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