Alternatives There are at least four reasonably-priced alternatives to CCS. Firstly, conventional pulverised
coal power plants are undergoing redesign so more electricity can be produced from less coal.
Before coal is phased out – as ultimately it will have to be – these plants could be more cost-
e
ff
ective. Secondly, hybrid plants using natural gas and coal could be built. Thirdly, natural gas
could be used on its own. Lastly, solar power is fast gaining credibility.
In all this, an agreed measure of cost for electricity generation must be used. This is called a
levelized cost of energy (LCOE) – an average cost of producing electricity over the lifetime of a
power plant, including construction, financing, and operation, although pollution is not counted.
In 2012, the CBO demonstrated that a new CCS plant had an LCOE of about $0.09-0.15 per
kilowatt-hour (kWh), but according to the US Energy Information Administration, the LCOE
from a conventional natural gas power plant without CCS is $0.0686/kWh, making it the
cheapest way to produce clean energy.
Solar power costs are falling rapidly. In 2013, the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power
reported that energy via a purchase agreement from a large solar plant was $0.095/kWh, and
Greentech Media, a company that reviews environmental projects, found a 2014 New Mexico
solar project that generates power for $0.0849/kWh.
Still, while so much coal and so many coal-fired plants exist, decommissioning them all may not
be realistic. Whatever happens, the conundrum of cheap power and clean air may remain
unsolved for some time.
page 12
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Questions 27-28 Questions 29-31 Choose the correct letter A, B, C, or D.
Write the correct letter in boxes 27-28 27-28 on your answer sheet. 27 What is the global average for electricity generated from coal?