IELTS Mock Test 2023
March
Reading Practice Test 4
HOW TO USE
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1.
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READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13
Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage
1 below.
page 1
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that it always chooses bare earth because it doesn't like having to eat through plant roots to
make its nest Females feed on a variety of plants, but seem particularly fond of yellow
dandelions that bloom from spring to autumn.
Another bee that has attracted naturalists' attention is the ivy bee. It was only identified as a
distinct species in 1993. It is one of a number of bees that have been able to establish
themselves in Britain due to the recent warmer winters. About the same size as a with
distinctive orange-yellow banding on its abdomen, it was initially thought to feed on y on ivy,
but has since been seen visiting other plants.
The discoveries about ivy bees show how rewarding the study of solitary bees can be but it's
not the only species whose habits are changing. Ian Beavis believes we can see in solitary bees
the beginning of social behaviour. He explains that many species make their nests close to each
other in huge groups, and there are some, like Andrena scotica, where several bees use the
same entrance without becoming aggressive. It's not difficult to see how this behaviour, which
could be seen as the foundation of social behaviour, might evolve in future into worker bees
sharing care of the grubs. Indeed some of Britain's solitary bees, Lasioglossum malachurum for
example, are already demonstrating this type of social behaviour. So will all solitary bees evolve
into social insects? Not necessarily. According to Ian Beavis, there are advantages to social
behaviour but there are also advantages to nesting alone. Bees that nest socially are a target
for predators, diseases and parasites.
Pesticides can also pose a threat to solitary bees. At the University of Sussex in England. Beth
Nicholls is conducting research into the effects of certain pesticides on the red mason bee. She
explains. 'We know that pesticides harm social bees, but very little research has been done into
solitary bees.’ Honeybees fly throughout the summer, so they may be exposed to different
levels of pesticides. But if the shorter flight period of solitary bees - the red mason bee only flies
from March to May - coincides with peak pesticide levels, that might be disastrous. If the red
mason bee declines dramatically, it could affect the fruit growing industry. According to Beth
Nicholls, it is much more efficient at pollinating orchard trees. Social bees carry pollen in
‘baskets' on their back legs, but a female red mason bee carries it on the underside of her
abdomen. This is a messier way of transporting it, and so more pollen is transferred to other
flowers. The social bees' method is much 'tidier’, so once they have collected the pollen and
tucked it away behind their legs, it won't be dropped.
Solitary bees are all around us. We need to start paying attention to them before it’s too late.
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