found similar discrepancies to those of the Turkana boy. One 10-year-old boy, for example, had
a dental age of 9, the skeleton of a 6-year-old but was tall enough to be 11. The Turkana kid
still has a rounded skull, and needs more growth to reach the adult shape,’ Anton adds. She
thinks that Homo erectus had already developed modern human patterns of growth, with a
late, if not quite so extreme, adolescent spurt. She believes Turkana boy was just about to enter
it.
If Anton is right, that theory contradicts the orthodox idea linking late growth with development
of a large brain. Anthropologist Steven Leigh from the University of Illinois goes further. He
believes the idea of adolescence as catch-up growth does not explain why the growth rate
increases so dramatically. He says that many apes have growth spurts in particular body
regions that are associated with reaching maturity, and this makes sense because by timing the
short but crucial spells of maturation to coincide with the seasons when food is plentiful, they
minimise the risk of being without adequate food supplies while growing. What makes humans
unique is that the whole skeleton is involved. For Leigh, this is the key.
According to his theory, adolescence evolved as an integral part of efficient upright locomotion,
as well as to accommodate more complex brains. Fossil evidence suggests that our ancestors
first walked on two legs six million years ago. If proficient walking was important for survival,
perhaps the teenage growth spurt has very ancient origins. While many anthropologists will
consider Leigh’s theory a step too far, he is not the only one with new ideas about the evolution
of teenagers.
Another approach, which has produced a surprising result, relies on the minute analysis of
tooth growth. Every nine days or so the growing teeth of both apes and humans acquire ridges
on their enamel surface.These are like rings in a tree trunk: the number of them tells you how
long the crown of a tooth took to form. Across mammals, the rate at which teeth develop is
closely related to how fast the brain grows and the age you mature. Teeth are good indicators
of life history because their growth is less related to the environment and nutrition than is the
growth of the skeleton.
A more decisive piece of evidence came last year, when researchers in France and Spain
published their findings from a study of Neanderthal teeth. Neanderthals had much fester tooth
growth than Homo erectus who went before them, and hence, possibly, a shorter childhood.
Lead researcher Fernando Ramirez-Rozzi thinks Neanderthals died young – about 25 years old
— primarily because of the cold, harsh environment they had to endure in glacial Europe.They
evolved to grow up quicker than their immediate ancestors. Neanderthals and Homo erectus
probably had to reach adulthood fairly quickly, without delaying for an adolescent growth spurt
So it still looks as though we are the original teenagers.
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