H
The theory that Wegener dismissed in preference to his own proposed that plants and animals
had once migrated across now-submerged intercontinental landbridges. In 1885, one of
Europe’s leading geologists, Eduard Suess, theorized that as the rigid Earth cools, its upper-
crust shrinks and wrinkles like the withering skin of an aging apple. He suggested that the
planet’s seas and oceans now fill the wrinkles between once-contiguous plateaus.
I
Today, we know that we live on a dynamic Earth with shifting, colliding and separating tectonic
plates, not a “withering skin”, and the main debate in the field of biogeography has shifted. The
discussion now concerns “dispersalism” versus “vicarianism”: unrestricted radiation of species
on the one hand and the development of barriers to migration on the other. Dispersion is a
short-term phenomenon – the daily or seasonal migration of species and their radiation to the
limits of their natural environment on an extensive and continuous landmass. Vicarian
evolution, however, depends upon the separation and isolation of a variety of species within
the confines of natural barriers in the form of islands, lakes, or shallow seas – topographical
features that take a long time to develop.
Dostları ilə paylaş: