11
Sediments (n)
- sand, stones, etc. that slowly form a layer of rock.
12
Adjacent (adj)
(C2) - very near, next to, or touching.
Example: They lived in a house adjacent to the railway
13
To disintegrate (v)
- to become weaker or be destroyed by breaking into small
pieces.
Example: The Empire disintegrated into lots o f small states.
14
To conceal (v)
- to prevent something from being seen or known about; to hide
something.
Example: It was said that the police concealed vital evidence.
15
To haul (v)
(C2) - to pull something heavy slowly and with difficulty.
Example: They hauled the boat out of the water.
Day 26
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading
Passage 2 below.
Australia’s Lost Giants
W h a t h a p p e n e d to A u s tra lia ’s m e g a fauna, the g ia n t a n im a ls t h a t once existed
across this e n o rm o u s c o n tin e n t?
A
In 1969, a fossil h u n te r n a m e d Rod W ells c a m e to N a ra co o rte in S o u th A u stra lia
to e xp lo re w h a t w as th e n k n o w n as V ic to ria Cave. W ells c la w e d th ro u g h n a rro w
passages, and e v e n tu a lly in to a h u g e c h a m b e r. Its flo o r o f red soil w as litte re d
w ith s tra n g e o b je cts. It to o k W ells a m o m e n t to realize w h a t he w as lo o k in g at;
th e bones o f th o u s a n d s o f cre a tu re s th a t m u s t have fa lle n th ro u g h holes in th e
g ro u n d above and b e c o m e tra p p e d . S om e o f th e o ld e s t b e lo n g e d to m a m m a ls
fa r la rg e r th a n any fo u n d to d a y in A ustra lia . They w e re th e a n c ie n t A u s tra lia n
m e g a fa u n a - h u g e a n im a ls o f th e P le istoce n e epoch . In bone ya rd s across th e
c o n tin e n t, s c ie n tis ts have fo u n d th e fossils o f a g ia n t snake, a h u g e flig h tle s s
bird, and a seven fo o t kangaroo, to n a m e b u t a few. Given h o w m u c h in k has
been sp ille d on th e e x tin c tio n o f th e d inosaurs, it ’s a w o n d e r th a t even m o re
h a sn ’t been d e v o te d to m e g a fa u n a . P re h isto ric h u m a n s never th re w spears a t
T yra n n o sa u ru s rex b u t really d id h u n t m a m m o th s and m a sto d on s.
В
The d is a p p e a ra n c e o f m e g a fa u n a in A m e ric a - m a m m o th s , s a b e r-to o th e d
cats, g ia n t sloths, a m o n g o th e rs h a p p e n e d re la tive ly soon a fte r th e arrival o f
h u m a n beings, a b o u t 1 3 ,0 0 0 years ago. In th e 1960s, p a le o e c o lo g is t Paul M a rtin
d e v e lo p e d w h a t b e c a m e k n o w n as th e b litz k rie g h ypothesis. M o d e rn h u m an s,
M a rtin said, cre a te d havoc as th e y spread th ro u g h th e A m e rica s, w ie ld in g spears
to a n n ih ila te a n im a ls th a t had never faced a te c h n o lo g ic a l p re d a to r. B u t th is
p e rio d o f e x tin c tio n w a s n ’t c o m p re h e n s iv e . N o rth A m e ric a k e p t its deer, b la c k
bears and a sm a ll ty p e o f bison, and S o u th A m e ric a its ja g u a rs and llam as.
С
W h a t h a p p e n e d to A u s tra lia ’s large a n im a ls is b a fflin g . For years s c ie n tis ts
b la m e d th e e x tin c tio n s on c lim a te c h a n g e . Indeed, A u stra lia has been d ry in g
o u t fo r over a m illio n years, and th e m e g a fa u n a w e re faced w ith a c o n tin e n t
w h e re v e g e ta tio n be ga n to d isappear. A u s tra lia n p a le o n to lo g is t T im F la n n e ry
s u g g e s ts th a t people, w h o arrived on th e c o n tin e n t a ro u n d 5 0 ,0 0 0 years ago,
used fire to h u n t, w h ic h led to d e fo re s ta tio n . H ere ’s w h a t’s ce rta in , F la n n e ry
says. S o m e th in g d ra m a tic h a p p e n e d to A u s tra lia ’s d o m in a n t land cre a tu re s -
s o m e w h e re a ro u n d 4 6 ,0 0 0 years ago, s trik in g ly soon a fte r th e invasion o f a
to o l-w ie ld in g , h ig h ly in te llig e n t p re da to r.
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